Flamme Gregory A, Wong Adam, Liebe Kevin, Lynd James
Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA.
Noise Health. 2009 Oct-Dec;11(45):231-42. doi: 10.4103/1463-1741.56217.
Firearm impulses are common noise exposures in the United States. This study records, describes and analyzes impulses produced outdoors by civilian firearms with respect to the amount of auditory risk they pose to the unprotected listener under various listening conditions. Risk estimates were obtained using three contemporary damage risk criteria (DRC) including a waveform parameter-based approach (peak SPL and B-duration), an energy-based criterion (A-weighted SEL and equivalent continuous level) and a physiological model (AHAAH). Results from these DRC were converted into a number of maximum permissible unprotected exposures to facilitate interpretation. Acoustic characteristics of firearm impulses differed substantially across guns, ammunition, and microphone location. The type of gun, ammunition and the microphone location all significantly affected estimates of auditory risk from firearms. Vast differences in maximum permissible exposures were observed; the rank order of the differences varied with the source of the impulse. Unprotected exposure to firearm noise is not recommended, but people electing to fire a gun without hearing protection should be advised to minimize auditory risk through careful selection of ammunition and shooting environment. Small-caliber guns with long barrels and guns loaded with the least powerful ammunition tend to be associated with the least auditory risk.
在美国，枪支脉冲是常见的噪声暴露源。本研究记录、描述并分析了民用枪支在户外产生的脉冲，以及在各种聆听条件下这些脉冲对未受保护的聆听者所造成的听觉风险程度。使用三种当代损伤风险标准（DRC）来获取风险估计值，包括基于波形参数的方法（峰值声压级和B持续时间）、基于能量的标准（A加权等效连续声级和等效连续水平）以及一种生理模型（AHAAH）。这些DRC的结果被转换为一些最大允许的未受保护暴露次数，以便于解读。枪支脉冲的声学特性在不同的枪支、弹药和麦克风位置之间存在显著差异。枪支类型、弹药以及麦克风位置均对枪支产生的听觉风险估计有显著影响。观察到最大允许暴露次数存在巨大差异；差异的排序随脉冲源的不同而变化。不建议在无保护的情况下暴露于枪支噪声中，但对于那些选择在无听力保护措施下开枪的人，应建议他们通过仔细选择弹药和射击环境来将听觉风险降至最低。枪管较长的小口径枪支以及装填威力最小弹药的枪支往往与最低的听觉风险相关。
