Flamme Gregory A, Stewart Michael, Meinke Deanna, Lankford James, Rasmussen Per
Western Michigan University, Department of Speach Pathology and Audiology, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA.
J Am Acad Audiol. 2011 Feb;22(2):93-103. doi: 10.3766/jaaa.22.2.4.
What is the risk of hearing loss for someone standing next to a shooter? Friends, spouses, children, and other shooters are often present during hunting and recreational shooting activities, and these bystanders seem likely to underestimate the hazard posed by noise from someone else's firearm. Hunters use hearing protection inconsistently, and there is little reason to expect higher use rates among bystanders. Acoustic characteristics and estimates of auditory risk from gunfire noise next to the shooter were assessed in this study.
This was a descriptive study of auditory risk at the position of a bystander near a recreational firearm shooter.
Recordings of impulses from 15 recreational firearms were obtained 1 m to the left of the shooter outdoors away from reflective surfaces. Recordings were made using a pressure-calibrated 1/4 inch measurement microphone and digitally sampled at 195 kHz (24 bit depth). The acoustic characteristics of these impulses were examined, and auditory risk estimates were obtained using three contemporary damage-risk criteria (DRCs) for unprotected listeners.
Instantaneous peak levels at the bystander location ranged between 149 and 167 dB SPL, and 8 hr equivalent continuous levels (LeqA8) ranged between 64 and 83 dB SPL. Poor agreement was obtained across the three DRCs, and the DRC that was most conservative varied with the firearm. The most conservative DRC for each firearm permitted no unprotected exposures to most rifle impulses and fewer than 10 exposures to impulses from most shotguns and the single handgun included in this study. More unprotected exposures were permitted for the guns with smaller cartridges and longer barrel length.
None of the recreational firearms included in this study produced sound levels that would be considered safe for all unprotected listeners. The DRCs revealed that only a few of the small-caliber rifles and the smaller-gauge shotguns permitted more than a few shots for the average unprotected listener. This finding is important for professionals involved in hearing health care and the shooting sports because laypersons are likely to consider the bystander location to be inherently less risky because it is farther from the gun than the shooter.
站在射手旁边的人听力损失风险有多大？在狩猎和娱乐性射击活动中，朋友、配偶、孩子以及其他射手常常就在附近，这些旁观者似乎很可能低估他人枪支发出的噪音所带来的危害。猎人使用听力保护措施的情况并不稳定，而且没有理由认为旁观者会有更高的使用率。本研究评估了射手旁边枪声的声学特征以及听觉风险估计。
这是一项针对娱乐性枪支射手旁边旁观者位置听觉风险的描述性研究。
在户外远离反射面的射手左侧1米处，获取了15支娱乐性枪支的脉冲记录。使用经过压力校准的1/4英寸测量麦克风进行记录，并以195千赫兹（24位深度）进行数字采样。检查了这些脉冲的声学特征，并使用三种当代损伤风险标准（DRC）为未受保护的听众获得听觉风险估计。
旁观者位置的瞬时峰值水平在149至167分贝声压级之间，8小时等效连续水平（LeqA8）在64至83分贝声压级之间。三种DRC之间的一致性较差，最保守的DRC因枪支而异。每支枪支最保守的DRC允许大多数步枪脉冲对未受保护的人没有暴露，对大多数霰弹枪和本研究中包含的单把手枪的脉冲暴露少于10次。对于弹药较小且枪管长度较长的枪支，允许更多的未受保护暴露。
本研究中包含的任何娱乐性枪支产生的声级对所有未受保护的听众来说都不被认为是安全的。DRC显示，只有少数小口径步枪和较小口径的霰弹枪允许普通未受保护的听众射击超过几次。这一发现对于从事听力保健和射击运动的专业人员很重要，因为外行人可能会认为旁观者位置本质上风险较小，因为它比射手离枪更远。
