Self-assembled plasmonic nanohole arrays.

We present a simple and massively parallel nanofabrication technique to produce self-assembled periodic nanohole arrays over a millimeter-sized area of metallic film, with a tunable hole shape, diameter, and periodicity. Using this method, 30 x 30 microm(2) defect-free areas of 300 nm diameter or smaller holes were obtained in silver; this area threshold is critical because it is larger than the visible wavelength propagation length of surface plasmon waves ( approximately 27 microm) in the silver film. Measured optical transmission spectra show highly homogeneous characteristics across the millimeter-size patterned area, and they are in good agreement with FDTD simulations. The simulations also reveal intense electric fields concentrated near the air/silver interface, which was used for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Enhancement factors (EFs) measured with different hole shape and excitation wavelengths on the self-assembled nanohole arrays were 10(4)-10(6). With an additional Ag electroless plating step, the EF was further increased up to 3 x 10(6). The periodic nanohole arrays produced using this tunable self-assembly method show great promise as inexpensive SERS substrates as well as surface plasmon resonance biosensing platforms.