Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University Spokane, P.O. Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99210, USA.
Ind Health. 2009 Oct;47(5):518-26. doi: 10.2486/indhealth.47.518.
There are considerable individual differences in cognitive performance deficits resulting from extended work hours and shift work schedules. Recent progress in sleep and performance research has yielded new insights into the causes and consequences of these individual differences. Neurobiological processes of sleep/wake regulation underlie trait individual variability in vulnerability to performance impairment due to sleep loss. Trait vulnerability to sleep loss is observed in the laboratory and in the work environment, even in occupational settings where (self-)selection pressures are high. In general, individuals do not seem to accurately assess the magnitude of their own vulnerability. Methods for identifying workers who are most at risk of sleep loss-related errors and accidents would therefore be helpful to target fatigue countermeasure interventions at those needing them most. As yet, no reliable predictors of vulnerability to sleep loss have been identified, although candidate genetic predictors have been proposed. However, a Bayesian forecasting technique based on closed-loop feedback of measured performance has been developed for individualized prediction of future performance impairment during ongoing operations. Judiciously selecting or monitoring individuals in specific tasks or occupations, within legally and ethically acceptable boundaries, has the potential to improve operational performance and productivity, reduce errors and accidents, and save lives. Trait individual variability in responses to sleep loss represents a major complication in the application of one-size-fits-all hours of service regulations--favoring instead modern fatigue risk management strategies, because these allow flexibility to account for individual vulnerability or resilience to the performance consequences of extended work hours and shift work schedules.
由于工作时间延长和轮班工作安排，认知表现缺陷存在相当大的个体差异。睡眠和表现研究的最新进展为这些个体差异的原因和后果提供了新的见解。睡眠/觉醒调节的神经生物学过程是由于睡眠不足导致表现受损的个体易感性的特征个体差异的基础。在实验室和工作环境中观察到对睡眠不足的易感性，即使在职业环境中（自我）选择压力很高。一般来说，个体似乎无法准确评估自己易感性的程度。因此，确定最容易因睡眠不足相关错误和事故而处于危险之中的工人的方法将有助于将疲劳对策干预措施针对最需要的人。尽管已经提出了候选基因预测因子，但到目前为止，还没有确定对睡眠不足易感性的可靠预测因子。然而，已经开发了一种基于测量性能闭环反馈的贝叶斯预测技术，用于在正在进行的操作中对未来表现受损进行个体化预测。在合法和道德可接受的范围内，明智地选择或监测特定任务或职业中的个体，有可能提高操作性能和生产力，减少错误和事故，并拯救生命。对睡眠不足的反应的个体差异是一刀切的服务时间法规应用的主要并发症——转而支持现代疲劳风险管理策略，因为这些策略允许灵活考虑到个体对延长工作时间和轮班工作安排的表现后果的易感性或弹性。
