Division of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009 Nov 15;34(24):2626-33. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181b46bdd.
A finite element (FE) model of the human neck was used to study the distribution of neck muscle loads during multidirectional impacts. The computed load distributions were compared to experimental electromyography (EMG) recordings.
To quantify passive muscle loads in nonactive cervical muscles during impacts of varying direction and energy, using a three-dimensional (3D) continuum FE muscle model.
Experimental and numerical studies have confirmed the importance of muscles in the impact response of the neck. Although EMG has been used to measure the relative activity levels in neck muscles during impact tests, this technique has not been able to measure all neck muscles and cannot directly quantify the force distribution between the muscles. A numerical model can give additional insight into muscle loading during impact.
An FE model with solid element musculature was used to simulate frontal, lateral, and rear-end vehicle impacts at 4 peak accelerations. The peak cross-sectional forces, internal energies, and effective strains were calculated for each muscle and impact configuration. The computed load distribution was compared with experimental EMG data.
The load distribution in the cervical muscles varied with load direction. Peak sectional forces, internal energies, and strains increased in most muscles with increasing impact acceleration. The dominant muscles identified by the model for each direction were splenius capitis, levator scapulae, and sternocleidomastoid in lateral impacts, splenius capitis, and trapezoid in frontal impacts, and sternocleidomastoid, rectus capitis posterior minor, and hyoids in rear-end impacts. This corresponded with the most active muscles identified by EMG recordings, although within these muscles the distribution of forces and EMG levels were not the same.
The passive muscle forces, strains, and energies computed using a continuum FE model of the cervical musculature distinguished between impact directions and peak accelerations, and on the basis of prior studies, isolated the most important muscles for each direction.
使用人体颈部的有限元（FE）模型研究多向冲击时颈部肌肉负荷的分布。将计算出的负荷分布与实验肌电图（EMG）记录进行比较。
使用三维（3D）连续体 FE 肌肉模型量化不同方向和能量冲击时非活跃颈椎肌肉的被动肌肉负荷。
实验和数值研究证实了肌肉在颈部冲击响应中的重要性。尽管 EMG 已被用于测量冲击测试中颈部肌肉的相对活动水平，但该技术无法测量所有颈部肌肉，也无法直接量化肌肉之间的力分布。数值模型可以提供更多关于冲击时肌肉加载的信息。
使用具有实体元素肌肉的 FE 模型模拟正面、侧面和追尾车辆冲击，峰值加速度为 4 个。计算每个肌肉和冲击配置的峰值横截面力、内部能量和有效应变。将计算出的负荷分布与实验 EMG 数据进行比较。
颈椎肌肉的负荷分布随负荷方向而变化。随着冲击加速度的增加，大多数肌肉的峰值截面力、内部能量和应变都增加了。模型为每个方向确定的主要肌肉是侧面冲击时的头夹肌、斜方肌和胸锁乳突肌，正面冲击时的头夹肌和梯形肌，追尾冲击时的胸锁乳突肌、头后小直肌和舌骨。这与 EMG 记录确定的最活跃肌肉相对应，尽管在这些肌肉中，力和 EMG 水平的分布并不相同。
使用颈椎肌肉连续体 FE 模型计算出的被动肌肉力、应变和能量区分了冲击方向和峰值加速度，并根据先前的研究，确定了每个方向最重要的肌肉。
