Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115,USA.
Physiol Behav. 2010 Apr 26;100(1):47-54. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.036. Epub 2010 Feb 6.
In recent decades, temporal patterns in SSB intake have shown a close parallel between the upsurge in obesity and rising levels of SSB consumption. SSBs are beverages that contain added caloric sweeteners such as sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup or fruit-juice concentrates, all of which result in similar metabolic effects. They include the full spectrum of soft drinks, carbonated soft drinks, fruitades, fruit drinks, sports drinks, energy and vitamin water drinks, sweetened iced tea, cordial, squashes, and lemonade, which collectively are the largest contributor to added sugar intake in the US. It has long been suspected that SSBs have an etiologic role in the obesity epidemic, however only recently have large epidemiological studies been able to quantify the relationship between SSB consumption and long-term weight gain, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Experimental studies have provided important insight into potential underlying biological mechanisms. It is thought that SSBs contribute to weight gain in part by incomplete compensation for energy at subsequent meals following intake of liquid calories. They may also increase risk of T2DM and CVD as a contributor to a high dietary glycemic load leading to inflammation, insulin resistance and impaired beta-cell function. Additional metabolic effects from the fructose fraction of these beverages may also promote accumulation of visceral adiposity, and increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis, and hypertension due to hyperuricemia. Consumption of SSBs should therefore be replaced by healthy alternatives such as water, to reduce risk of obesity and chronic diseases.
近几十年来，SSB 摄入量的时间模式与肥胖率的上升和 SSB 消费的上升之间存在密切的平行关系。SSB 是指含有添加热量甜味剂的饮料，如蔗糖、高果糖玉米糖浆或浓缩果汁，所有这些都会产生类似的代谢效应。它们包括各种软饮料、碳酸饮料、水果饮料、运动饮料、能量和维生素水饮料、加糖冰茶、开胃酒、果汁、柠檬水，这些饮料共同构成了美国添加糖摄入量的最大来源。长期以来，人们一直怀疑 SSB 在肥胖流行中起病因作用，但直到最近，大型流行病学研究才能够量化 SSB 消费与长期体重增加、2 型糖尿病 (T2DM) 和心血管疾病 (CVD) 风险之间的关系。实验研究为潜在的潜在生物学机制提供了重要的见解。人们认为，SSB 导致体重增加的部分原因是在摄入液体卡路里后，下一餐对能量的不完全补偿。它们还可能增加 T2DM 和 CVD 的风险，因为它们会导致高膳食血糖负荷，从而导致炎症、胰岛素抵抗和β细胞功能受损。这些饮料中果糖部分的其他代谢效应也可能促进内脏脂肪堆积、肝内从头脂肪生成增加以及由于高尿酸血症引起的高血压。因此，SSB 的消费应该被健康的替代品如白开水所取代，以降低肥胖和慢性病的风险。
