ProBiomechanics LLC, Bloomfield Hills, MI 48304-2952, USA.
Traffic Inj Prev. 2010 Feb;11(1):79-86. doi: 10.1080/15389580903479186.
This study investigated the risk of severe-to-fatal injury (MAIS 4+F) with complete and partial ejection by crash type and belt use with a focus on ejection in rear impacts.
1993-2007 NASS-CDS was analyzed for crashes with complete and partial ejection. The effect of belt use was investigated and crashes were grouped by front, side, rear, and rollovers. Light vehicles were included with model year 1994+. Injuries of severity MAIS 4+F and AIS 3-6 by body region were determined by crash type, belt use, and ejection status. NASS-CDS electronic cases of complete ejection and serious injury were evaluated to determine the circumstances in rear impacts.
For unbelted occupants, the highest risk for complete ejection is in rollovers (16.4 +/- 1.1%) and the risk for severe injury is 37.6 +/- 2.7%. The lowest risk for complete ejection is in frontal crashes (0.97 +/- 0.22%), but the risk for serious injury is 31.3 +/- 6.2% when ejection occurs. The risk for ejection is 2.7 +/- 1.5% in rear impacts with a 7.4 +/- 3.4% risk for severe injury. For belted occupants, the highest risk for complete ejection is in rollovers (0.068 +/- 0.022%) and the risk for severe injury is 25.9 +/- 13.3% when ejection occurs. The relative risk for ejection is 193 times greater for unbelted compared to belted occupants in all crashes with a range of 100 times in frontal crashes up to 847 times in rear impacts. Unbelted occupants have 20 times greater risk for severe injury when completely ejected and 18 times greater risk with partial ejection compared to nonejected occupants. Belted occupants have a 77 times greater risk of severe injury when completely ejected and 37 times greater risk when partially ejected.
Ejection involves significantly higher risks for severe injury in all crash types. The relative risk for MAIS 4+F injury is 20 times greater for unbelted and 77 times greater for belted occupants who are completely ejected compared to nonejected occupants. Ejection of occupants in rear crashes often occurs during vehicle yaw motion after the primary impact.
本研究通过碰撞类型和安全带使用情况调查了完全和部分抛射伤（MAIS 4+F）的风险，重点关注后部碰撞中的抛射伤。
分析了 1993 年至 2007 年 NASS-CDS 中完全和部分抛射伤的事故。调查了安全带使用的效果，并根据正面、侧面、后部和翻车事故对事故进行分组。纳入了 1994 年及以后生产的轻型车辆。通过碰撞类型、安全带使用情况和抛射状态，确定 MAIS 4+F 和 AIS 3-6 严重程度的身体区域伤害。对完全抛射和严重伤害的 NASS-CDS 电子病例进行评估，以确定后部碰撞中的情况。
对于未系安全带的乘客，完全抛射的最高风险发生在翻车事故中（16.4 +/- 1.1%），严重伤害的风险为 37.6 +/- 2.7%。正面碰撞中完全抛射的风险最低（0.97 +/- 0.22%），但发生抛射时严重伤害的风险为 31.3 +/- 6.2%。后部碰撞中抛射的风险为 2.7 +/- 1.5%，严重伤害的风险为 7.4 +/- 3.4%。对于系安全带的乘客，完全抛射的最高风险发生在翻车事故中（0.068 +/- 0.022%），发生抛射时严重伤害的风险为 25.9 +/- 13.3%。与系安全带的乘客相比，所有碰撞中未系安全带的乘客抛射的相对风险为 193 倍，正面碰撞中为 100 倍，后部碰撞中为 847 倍。完全抛射时，未系安全带的乘客严重伤害的风险增加 20 倍，部分抛射时严重伤害的风险增加 18 倍，与未抛射的乘客相比。完全抛射时，系安全带的乘客严重伤害的风险增加 77 倍，部分抛射时严重伤害的风险增加 37 倍。
在所有碰撞类型中，抛射伤都会导致严重伤害的风险显著增加。与未抛射的乘客相比，完全抛射时未系安全带和系安全带的乘客严重伤害的相对风险分别增加 20 倍和 77 倍，而完全抛射时的相对风险分别增加 193 倍和 847 倍。后部碰撞中乘客的抛射伤通常发生在初始碰撞后的车辆偏航运动中。
