Al-Shami Salman, Rawi Che Salmah M, Nor Siti Azizah M, Ahmad Abu Hassan, Ali Arshad
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
Environ Entomol. 2010 Feb;39(1):210-22. doi: 10.1603/EN09109.
Morphological deformities in parts of the head capsule of Chironomus spp. larvae inhabiting three polluted rivers (Permatang Rawa [PRR], Pasir [PR], and Kilang Ubi [KUR]) in the Juru River Basin, northeastern peninsular Malaysia, were studied. Samples of the fourth-instar larvae at one location in each river were collected monthly from November 2007 to March 2008 and examined for deformities of the mentum, antenna, mandible, and epipharyngis. At each sample location, in situ measurements of water depth, river width, water pH, dissolved oxygen, and water temperature were made. Samples of river water and benthic sediments were also collected monthly from each larval sample location in each river and taken to the laboratory for appropriate analysis. Total suspended solids (TSSs), ammonium-N, nitrate-N, phosphate-P, chloride, sulfate, and aluminum content in water were analyzed. Total organic matter and nonresidual metals in the sediment samples were also analyzed. Among the three rivers, the highest mean deformity (47.17%) was recorded in larvae collected from KUR that received industrial discharges from surrounding garment and rubber factories, followed by PRR (33.71%) receiving primarily residues of fertilizers and pesticides from adjacent rice fields, and PR (30.34%) contaminated primarily by anthropogenic wastes from the surrounding residential areas. Among the various head capsule structures, deformity of the mentum was strongly reflective of environmental stress and amounted to 27.9, 20.87, and 30.19% in the PRR, PR, and KUR, respectively. Calculated Lenat's toxic score index satisfactorily explained the influence of prevailing environmental variables on the severity of mentum deformities. Redundancy analysis and forward selection selected TSSs, sediment Zn, Mn, Cu, and Ni, and water pH, dissolved oxygen, water temperature, total organic matter, nitrate-N, chloride, phosphate-P, ammonium-N, sulfate, and aluminum as parameters that significantly affected some proportion of deformities. The total deformities correlated closely with deformities of mentum but only weakly with deformities in other parts of head. The total deformity incidence was strongly correlated with high contents of sediment Mn and Ni. The mentum and epipharyngis deformities incidence was highly correlated with an increase of TSSs, total aluminum, and ammonium-N and a decrease in pH and dissolved oxygen.
对栖息在马来西亚半岛东北部朱鲁河流域三条受污染河流（Permatang Rawa [PRR]、Pasir [PR] 和 Kilang Ubi [KUR]）中的摇蚊幼虫头部几丁质部分的形态畸形进行了研究。从2007年11月至2008年3月，每月在每条河流的一个地点采集四龄幼虫样本，并检查其下唇、触角、上颚和下咽的畸形情况。在每个采样地点，现场测量水深、河宽、水pH值、溶解氧和水温。还每月从每条河流的每个幼虫采样地点采集河水和底栖沉积物样本，并带到实验室进行适当分析。分析了水中的总悬浮固体（TSS）、铵态氮、硝态氮、磷酸盐磷、氯化物、硫酸盐和铝含量。还分析了沉积物样本中的总有机质和非残留金属。在这三条河流中，从接收周围服装厂和橡胶厂工业排放的KUR采集的幼虫中记录到最高的平均畸形率（47.17%），其次是主要接收相邻稻田化肥和农药残留的PRR（33.71%），以及主要受周围居民区人为废物污染的PR（30.34%）。在各种头部几丁质结构中，下唇畸形强烈反映了环境压力，在PRR、PR和KUR中分别达到27.9%、20.87%和30.19%。计算得出的莱纳特毒性评分指数令人满意地解释了主要环境变量对下唇畸形严重程度的影响。冗余分析和向前选择选择了TSS、沉积物锌、锰、铜和镍，以及水pH值、溶解氧、水温、总有机质、硝态氮、氯化物、磷酸盐磷、铵态氮、硫酸盐和铝作为显著影响一定比例畸形的参数。总畸形与下唇畸形密切相关，但与头部其他部位的畸形相关性较弱。总畸形发生率与沉积物锰和镍的高含量密切相关。下唇和下咽畸形发生率与TSS、总铝和铵态氮的增加以及pH值和溶解氧的降低高度相关。
