Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2010 Jun;33(2):357-73. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2010.01.006.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is recognized to exist in males and females although the literature supports a higher prevalence in males. However, when girls are diagnosed with ADHD, they are more often diagnosed as predominantly inattentive than boys with ADHD. This article provides a review of gender differences noted across the lifespan. Males and females with ADHD are more similar than different, and generally ADHD profiles are not sex specific. Small gender differences have been found: adolescent girls with ADHD have lower self-efficacy and poorer coping strategies than adolescent boys with ADHD; rates of depression and anxiety may be higher, and physical aggression and other externalizing behaviors lower in girls and women with ADHD. Men with ADHD seem to be incarcerated more often than women with ADHD. However, many studies suffer from small sample sizes, referral biases, differences in diagnostic procedures, and possible rater influences. Treatments are reviewed and discussed with reference to the reported gender differences in functioning and the global deficits noted in all samples. The data available so far suggest that treatments are likely to be equally effective in males and females. However, referral bias is a problem, in that females with ADHD are less likely to be referred for treatment than males with ADHD. Future research should include equal representation of both sexes in samples such that sex by treatment analyses can be routinely conducted.
注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）被认为存在于男性和女性中，尽管文献支持男性的发病率更高。然而，当女孩被诊断出患有 ADHD 时，她们更常被诊断为主要是注意力不集中，而男孩则更常被诊断为 ADHD。本文综述了整个生命周期中注意到的性别差异。患有 ADHD 的男性和女性比不同更相似，一般来说，ADHD 特征不是特定于性别的。已经发现了一些小的性别差异：患有 ADHD 的青春期女孩的自我效能感和应对策略比患有 ADHD 的青春期男孩差；患有 ADHD 的女孩和妇女的抑郁和焦虑率可能更高，而身体攻击和其他外化行为则较低。患有 ADHD 的男性似乎比患有 ADHD 的女性更容易被监禁。然而，许多研究受到样本量小、转诊偏见、诊断程序差异和可能的评分者影响的限制。本文回顾了治疗方法，并参考了报告的功能性别差异和所有样本中注意到的整体缺陷进行了讨论。到目前为止，可用的数据表明，男性和女性可能对治疗同样有效。然而，转诊偏见是一个问题，因为患有 ADHD 的女性比患有 ADHD 的男性更不可能被转介接受治疗。未来的研究应该在样本中平等代表两性，以便可以常规进行按性别和治疗进行的分析。
