Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Biopsychosoc Med. 2010 May 26;4(1):4. doi: 10.1186/1751-0759-4-4.
This article introduces key concepts of work-related stress relevant to the clinical and research fields of psychosomatic medicine. Stress is a term used to describe the body's physiological and/or psychological reaction to circumstances that require behavioral adjustment. According to the Japanese National Survey of Health, the most frequent stressors are work-related problems, followed by health-related and then financial problems. Conceptually, work-related stress includes a variety of conditions, such as overwork, unemployment or job insecurity, and lack of work-family balance. Job stress has been linked to a range of adverse physical and mental health outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease, insomnia, depression, and anxiety. Stressful working conditions can also impact employee well-being indirectly by directly contributing to negative health behaviors or by limiting an individual's ability to make positive changes to lifestyle behaviors, such as smoking and sedentary behavior. Over the past two decades, two major job stress models have dominated the occupational health literature: the job demand-control-support model and the effort-reward imbalance model. In both models, standardized questionnaires have been developed and frequently used to assess job stress. Unemployment has also been reported to be associated with increased mortality and morbidity, such as by cardiovascular disease, stroke, and suicide. During the past two decades, a trend toward more flexible labor markets has emerged in the private and public sectors of developed countries, and temporary employment arrangements have increased. Temporary workers often complain that they are more productive but receive less compensation than permanent workers. A significant body of research reveals that temporary workers have reported chronic work-related stress for years. The Japanese government has urged all employers to implement four approaches to comprehensive mind/body health care for stress management in the workplace: focusing on individuals, utilizing supervisory lines, enlisting company health care staff, and referring to medical resources outside the company. Good communications between occupational health practitioners and physicians in charge in hospitals/clinics help employees with psychosomatic distress to return to work, and it is critical for psychosomatic practitioners and researchers to understand the basic ideas of work-related stress from the viewpoint of occupational health.
本文介绍了与身心医学的临床和研究领域相关的工作相关压力的关键概念。压力是一个术语，用于描述身体对需要行为调整的情况的生理和/或心理反应。根据日本国民健康调查，最常见的压力源是与工作相关的问题，其次是与健康相关的问题，然后是与财务相关的问题。从概念上讲，工作相关压力包括各种情况，例如过度劳累、失业或工作不稳定以及工作与家庭平衡失调。工作压力与一系列不良身心健康结果有关，例如心血管疾病、失眠、抑郁和焦虑。工作压力等不利的工作条件也会通过直接促成消极的健康行为或通过限制个人积极改变生活方式行为（例如吸烟和久坐行为）来间接地影响员工的健康。在过去的二十年中，两种主要的工作压力模型主导了职业健康文献：工作需求-控制-支持模型和努力-回报失衡模型。在这两个模型中，都开发并经常使用标准化问卷来评估工作压力。失业也与死亡率和发病率增加有关，例如心血管疾病、中风和自杀。在过去的二十年中，发达国家的私营和公共部门出现了更灵活的劳动力市场趋势，临时就业安排增加。临时工经常抱怨说，他们比固定工更有生产力，但得到的报酬却更少。大量研究表明，临时工多年来一直报告工作相关的慢性压力。日本政府已敦促所有雇主在工作场所实施四项综合身心保健方法来管理压力：关注个人、利用监督线、招募公司保健人员以及参考公司外部的医疗资源。职业健康从业者与医院/诊所负责医生之间的良好沟通有助于患有身心困扰的员工重返工作岗位，身心医学从业者和研究人员从职业健康的角度了解工作相关压力的基本概念至关重要。
