Nicotine Psychopharmacology Section, NIDA Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010 Jun;18(3):245-56. doi: 10.1037/a0019401.
Increases in self-reported craving and changes in autonomic functioning are reliably elicited when smokers are exposed to tobacco-related stimuli compared with neutral stimuli. However, few studies have reported the time course of cue-elicited craving or have directly compared the effectiveness of smoking cues versus imagery to evoke a craving response. In addition to these two issues, we investigated the influence of tobacco deprivation and sex on craving, mood, and autonomic responses. Sixty cigarette smokers (30 men, 30 women) were tested in two counterbalanced sessions, one after overnight tobacco deprivation and one during ad libitum smoking. At each session, participants were exposed to four randomized experimental trials: smoking imagery, neutral imagery, smoking cues, and neutral cues. Tobacco craving and mood were assessed repeatedly and physiological measures were recorded continuously for 30 min after imagery or cue exposure. Compared with neutral trials, smoking cues and smoking imagery reliably increased tobacco craving, negative mood, heart rate, and blood pressure and decreased positive mood ratings. Changes were observed immediately after cue and imagery presentation and remained unchanged for 30 min. Responding was greater in the nondeprived condition, and cues elicited more robust responding than imagery for most measures. Women responded more robustly to smoking cues only in the nondeprived condition, whereas imagery evoked greater responses in men during both conditions. These findings provide new data on the time course, magnitude, and tobacco deprivation effects on elicited craving. Sex differences were dependent on stimulus type and deprivation condition.
与中性刺激相比，当吸烟者接触与烟草相关的刺激时，他们会可靠地报告自我报告的渴望感增加，并改变自主功能。然而，很少有研究报告线索诱发的渴望的时间过程，或者直接比较吸烟线索与意象唤起渴望反应的有效性。除了这两个问题，我们还研究了烟草剥夺和性别对渴望、情绪和自主反应的影响。60 名吸烟者（30 名男性，30 名女性）在两个平衡的测试中进行了测试，一次是在一夜的烟草剥夺后，一次是在自由吸烟时。在每个测试中，参与者都暴露在四个随机的实验试验中：吸烟想象、中性想象、吸烟线索和中性线索。在想象或线索暴露后，反复评估烟草渴望和情绪，连续记录生理指标 30 分钟。与中性试验相比，吸烟线索和吸烟想象可靠地增加了烟草渴望、负面情绪、心率和血压，降低了积极情绪评分。变化在提示和想象呈现后立即观察到，并在 30 分钟内保持不变。在非剥夺状态下，反应更大，与意象相比，线索引发的反应更为强烈。只有在非剥夺状态下，女性对吸烟线索的反应更为强烈，而在两种状态下，意象都能引起男性更大的反应。这些发现提供了关于诱发渴望的时间过程、幅度和烟草剥夺影响的新数据。性别差异取决于刺激类型和剥夺条件。
