Erasmus MC, Department of Virology, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Vet Pathol. 2010 Sep;47(5):893-914. doi: 10.1177/0300985810378651. Epub 2010 Aug 3.
Influenza A virus infections may spread rapidly in human populations and cause variable mortality. Two of these influenza viruses have been designated as select agents: 1918 H1N1 virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. Knowledge of the pathology of these virus infections in humans, other naturally infected species, and experimental animals is important to understand the pathogenesis of influenza, to design appropriate models for evaluation of medical countermeasures, and to make correct diagnoses. The most important complication of influenza in humans is viral pneumonia, which often occurs with or is followed by bacterial pneumonia. Viremia and extrarespiratory disease are uncommon. HPAI viruses, including HPAI H5N1 virus, cause severe systemic disease in galliform species as well as in anseriform species and bird species of other orders. HPAI H5N1 virus infection also causes severe disease in humans and several species of carnivores. Experimental animals are used to model different aspects of influenza in humans, including uncomplicated influenza, pneumonia, and virus transmission. The most commonly used experimental animal species are laboratory mouse, domestic ferret, and cynomolgus macaque. Experimental influenza virus infections are performed in various other species, including domestic pig, guinea pig, and domestic cat. Each of these species has advantages and disadvantages that need to be assessed before choosing the most appropriate model to reach a particular goal. Such animal models may be applied for the development of more effective antiviral drugs and vaccines to protect humans from the threat of these virus infections.
甲型流感病毒感染可在人群中迅速传播，并导致不同程度的死亡率。其中两种流感病毒已被指定为选择剂：1918 年 H1N1 病毒和高致病性禽流感（HPAI）病毒。了解这些病毒在人类、其他自然感染物种和实验动物中的病理学对于理解流感的发病机制、设计评估医疗对策的适当模型以及做出正确诊断非常重要。流感在人类中最重要的并发症是病毒性肺炎，通常与细菌性肺炎同时发生或随后发生。病毒血症和呼吸道外疾病并不常见。高致病性禽流感病毒，包括 HPAI H5N1 病毒，会导致家禽物种以及鸭科和其他目鸟类的物种严重全身疾病。HPAI H5N1 病毒感染也会导致人类和几种食肉动物出现严重疾病。实验动物被用于模拟人类流感的不同方面，包括单纯流感、肺炎和病毒传播。最常用的实验动物物种是实验鼠、家养雪貂和食蟹猴。还在其他各种物种中进行了实验性流感病毒感染，包括家猪、豚鼠和家猫。在选择最适合特定目标的模型之前，需要评估每种物种的优缺点。这些动物模型可用于开发更有效的抗病毒药物和疫苗，以保护人类免受这些病毒感染的威胁。
