Bellido-Martín Beatriz, Rijnink Willemijn F, Iervolino Matteo, Kuiken Thijs, Richard Mathilde, Fouchier Ron A M
Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2025 May 22. doi: 10.1038/s41579-025-01189-4.
Since their first detection in 1996, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses with H5 haemagglutinin of the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (Gs/Gd) lineage have caused outbreaks in domestic and wild animals associated with mass morbidity and mortality, and economic losses as well as sporadic human infections. These viruses have spread to hosts across the European, Asian, African, and North and South American continents, and most recently Antarctica, representing a major threat to wildlife, domestic animals and humans. Owing to continuous circulation in poultry, Gs/Gd lineage viruses have diversified into numerous distinct genetic and antigenic (sub)clades, and genetic diversity has further increased by extensive reassortment with low pathogenic avian influenza viruses of wild birds. In this Review, we discuss the historical emergence of Gs/Gd lineage viruses and their evolution and geographical spread. An overview of the major determinants of host range and cross-species transmission is provided to summarize phenotypic changes that may signal increased zoonotic or pandemic risks. The recent unusual outbreaks in wild carnivorous mammals and dairy cows is discussed, as well as the changing risk to humans. Countermeasures and mitigation strategies are described from the One Health perspective for future (pre-)pandemic preparedness.
自1996年首次被发现以来，具有A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996（Gs/Gd）谱系H5血凝素的高致病性禽流感病毒在家养动物和野生动物中引发了疫情，导致大量发病和死亡，造成经济损失，还引发了零星的人类感染。这些病毒已传播到欧洲、亚洲、非洲以及南北美洲大陆的宿主，最近还传播到了南极洲，对野生动物、家畜和人类构成了重大威胁。由于在家禽中持续传播，Gs/Gd谱系病毒已分化为众多不同的遗传和抗原（亚）分支，并且通过与野生鸟类的低致病性禽流感病毒广泛重配，遗传多样性进一步增加。在本综述中，我们讨论了Gs/Gd谱系病毒的历史出现及其进化和地理传播。概述了宿主范围和跨物种传播的主要决定因素，以总结可能表明人畜共患病或大流行风险增加的表型变化。讨论了最近野生食肉哺乳动物和奶牛中出现的异常疫情，以及对人类不断变化的风险。从“同一健康”角度描述了未来大流行（前）防范的对策和缓解策略。
