采用培养和分子方法定量检测 B 级厌氧消化生物固体中的肠道病毒、病原体指标和沙门氏菌。
Quantification of enteric viruses, pathogen indicators, and Salmonella bacteria in class B anaerobically digested biosolids by culture and molecular methods.
机构信息
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
出版信息
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Oct;76(19):6441-8. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02685-09. Epub 2010 Aug 6.
The most common class B biosolids in the United States are generated by mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD), and MAD biosolids have been used for land application. However, the pathogen levels in MAD biosolids are still unclear, especially with respect to enteric viruses. In this study, we determined the occurrence and the quantitative levels of enteric viruses and indicators in 12 MAD biosolid samples and of Salmonella enterica in 6 MAD biosolid samples. Three dewatered biosolid samples were also included in this study for purposes of comparison. Human adenoviruses (HAdV) had the highest gene levels and were detected more frequently than other enteric viruses. The gene levels of noroviruses (NV) reported were comparable to those of enteroviruses (EV) and human polyomaviruses (HPyV). The occurrence percentages of HAdV, HAdV species F, EV, NV GI, NV GII, and HPyV in MAD samples were 83, 83, 42, 50, 75, and 58%, respectively. No hepatitis A virus was detected. Infectious HAdV was detected more frequently than infectious EV, and all infectious HAdV were detected when samples were propagated in A549 cells. Based on most-probable-number (MPN) analysis, A549 cells were more susceptible to biosolid-associated viruses than BGM cells. All indicator levels in MAD biosolids were approximately 10(4) MPN or PFU per gram (dry), and the dewatered biosolids had significantly higher indicator levels than the MAD biosolids. Only two MAD samples tested positive for Salmonella enterica, where the concentration was below 1.0 MPN/4 g. This study provides a broad comparison of the prevalence of different enteric viruses in MAD biosolids and reports the first detection of noroviruses in class B biosolids. The observed high quantitative and infectivity levels of adenoviruses in MAD biosolids indicate that adenovirus is a good indicator for the evaluation of sludge treatment efficiency.
美国最常见的 B 类生物固体是由中温厌氧消化（MAD）产生的，并且 MAD 生物固体已被用于土地应用。然而，MAD 生物固体中的病原体水平仍然不清楚，特别是对于肠道病毒。在这项研究中，我们确定了 12 个 MAD 生物固体样本中的肠道病毒和指示物以及 6 个 MAD 生物固体样本中的沙门氏菌 enterica 的发生和定量水平。为了进行比较，本研究还包括了三个脱水生物固体样本。人腺病毒（HAdV）的基因水平最高，并且比其他肠道病毒更频繁地检测到。报道的诺如病毒（NV）的基因水平与肠道病毒（EV）和人多瘤病毒（HPyV）相当。MAD 样本中 HAdV、HAdV 种 F、EV、NV GI、NV GII 和 HPyV 的出现百分比分别为 83%、83%、42%、50%、75%和 58%。未检测到甲型肝炎病毒。检测到的传染性 HAdV 比传染性 EV 更频繁，并且当在 A549 细胞中繁殖时，所有传染性 HAdV 均被检测到。基于最可能数（MPN）分析，A549 细胞比 BGM 细胞更容易受到生物固体相关病毒的感染。MAD 生物固体中的所有指标水平均约为每克（干重）10(4)MPN 或 PFU，脱水生物固体的指标水平明显高于 MAD 生物固体。仅两个 MAD 样本检测到沙门氏菌 enterica 呈阳性，浓度低于 1.0 MPN/4 g。本研究广泛比较了 MAD 生物固体中不同肠道病毒的流行情况，并报告了首次在 B 类生物固体中检测到诺如病毒。在 MAD 生物固体中观察到的腺病毒高定量和感染力水平表明，腺病毒是评估污泥处理效率的良好指标。
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