Ormel J, Wohlfarth T
Department of Social Psychiatry, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991 May;60(5):744-55. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.60.5.744.
The causal relationships between neuroticism (N), long-term difficulties (LTDs), life situation change (LSC), and psychological distress (PD) were examined using self-report and interview data from a 7-year, 3-wave study in a general population sample (N = 296). LTDs were classified as either endogenous (dependent) or exogenous (independent). We found that earlier neuroticism had a strong direct and a moderate indirect effect (through endogenous LTDs) on PD. The direct effect was strikingly stronger than those of LTDs and LSC. In addition, much correlation between endogenous LTDs, LSC, and PD could be attributed to the confounding effects of earlier neuroticism. High neuroticism tended to strengthen the effect of LSC on PD. These findings suggest that temperamental dispositions are more powerful than environmental factors in predicting PD.
使用来自一般人群样本（N = 296）的一项为期7年、分三波进行的研究中的自我报告和访谈数据，对神经质（N）、长期困难（LTDs）、生活状况变化（LSC）和心理困扰（PD）之间的因果关系进行了研究。LTDs被分类为内源性（依赖性）或外源性（独立性）。我们发现，早期的神经质对PD有强烈的直接影响和中度的间接影响（通过内源性LTDs）。直接影响明显强于LTDs和LSC的影响。此外，内源性LTDs、LSC和PD之间的许多相关性可归因于早期神经质的混杂效应。高神经质倾向于增强LSC对PD的影响。这些发现表明，在预测PD方面，气质性倾向比环境因素更具影响力。
