Blach Olga
University of Aberdeen.
Vesalius. 2010 Jun;16(1):10-5.
The eminent geneticist, Benno Muller-Hill, described eugenics as"explosive mixture between something we might call hard science, that is, human genetics, and the sphere of political action. On the one hand, geneticists needed politicians to implement their ideas. On the other hand, Hitler and the Nazis needed scientists who could say that anti-Semitism has scientific theoretical foundations." For some Polish eugenicists, the Third Reich was not the home of the Nuremberg Laws, but a country that "boldly embarked on racial hygiene." This enthusiastic attitude of Polish intellectual circles towards Nazi eugenic laws was characteristic of the status of pre-war science in Poland, which in many areas, such as anthropology and psychiatry, remained strongly influenced by the paradigm of German science. While the professional and scientific context of the day promoted eugenic and racist ideas within the framework of the academic milieu and the curriculum of the medical and scientific community, eugenicists in Poland tended to refrain from anti-Semitic and racist phraseology. Indeed, the Polish eugenic movement was class- rather than race-orientated. The hybrid language of eugenics, combining social sensitivity with repulsion and contempt for the sick and the weak, illustrated the ambiguous stance of the Polish eugenicists on politics and science in Nazi Germany, for the Third Reich provided the German eugenicists with what had always been an unfulfilled dream to the Polish eugenicists--political power and the ability to implement their ideas.
杰出的遗传学家本诺·米勒-希尔将优生学描述为“一种我们可以称之为硬科学（即人类遗传学）与政治行动领域的爆炸性混合物。一方面，遗传学家需要政治家来实施他们的想法。另一方面，希特勒和纳粹需要那些能够宣称反犹主义有科学理论基础的科学家。”对一些波兰优生学家来说，第三帝国不是纽伦堡种族法的发源地，而是一个“大胆推行种族卫生学”的国家。波兰知识界对纳粹优生法的这种热情态度体现了战前波兰科学的状况，在许多领域，比如人类学和精神病学，波兰科学仍然深受德国科学范式的影响。虽然当时的专业和科学背景在学术环境以及医学和科学界的课程框架内助长了优生学和种族主义思想，但波兰的优生学家往往避免使用反犹主义和种族主义的措辞。事实上，波兰的优生运动是以阶级而非种族为导向的。优生学这种混合的语言，将社会敏感性与对病人和弱者的厌恶及轻蔑结合在一起，说明了波兰优生学家在纳粹德国政治与科学问题上的暧昧立场，因为第三帝国为德国优生学家提供了波兰优生学家一直以来未能实现的梦想——政治权力以及实施他们想法的能力。
