Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) and School of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Sports Med. 2010 Dec 1;40(12):995-1017. doi: 10.2165/11536870-000000000-00000.
A well designed diet is the foundation upon which optimal training and performance can be developed. However, as long as competitive sports have existed, athletes have attempted to improve their performance by ingesting a variety of substances. This practice has given rise to a multi-billion-dollar industry that aggressively markets its products as performance enhancing, often without objective, scientific evidence to support such claims. While a number of excellent reviews have evaluated the performance-enhancing effects of most dietary supplements, less attention has been paid to the performance-enhancing claims of dietary supplements in the context of team-sport performance. Dietary supplements that enhance some types of athletic performance may not necessarily enhance team-sport performance (and vice versa). Thus, the first aim of this review is to critically evaluate the ergogenic value of the most common dietary supplements used by team-sport athletes. The term dietary supplements will be used in this review and is defined as any product taken by the mouth, in addition to common foods, that has been proposed to have a performance-enhancing effect; this review will only discuss substances that are not currently banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Evidence is emerging to support the performance-enhancing claims of some, but not all, dietary supplements that have been proposed to improve team-sport-related performance. For example, there is good evidence that caffeine can improve single-sprint performance, while caffeine, creatine and sodium bicarbonate ingestion have all been demonstrated to improve multiple-sprint performance. The evidence is not so strong for the performance-enhancing benefits of β-alanine or colostrum. Current evidence does not support the ingestion of ribose, branched-chain amino acids or β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, especially in well trained athletes. More research on the performance-enhancing effects of the dietary supplements highlighted in this review needs to be conducted using team-sport athletes and using team-sport-relevant testing (e.g. single- and multiple-sprint performance). It should also be considered that there is no guarantee that dietary supplements that improve isolated performance (i.e. single-sprint or jump performance) will remain effective in the context of a team-sport match. Thus, more research is also required to investigate the effects of dietary supplements on simulated or actual team-sport performance. A second aim of this review was to investigate any health issues associated with the ingestion of the more commonly promoted dietary supplements. While most of the supplements described in the review appear safe when using the recommended dose, the effects of higher doses (as often taken by athletes) on indices of health remain unknown, and further research is warranted. Finally, anecdotal reports suggest that team-sport athletes often ingest more than one dietary supplement and very little is known about the potential adverse effects of ingesting multiple supplements. Supplements that have been demonstrated to be safe and efficacious when ingested on their own may have adverse effects when combined with other supplements. More research is required to investigate the effects of ingesting multiple supplements (both on performance and health).
精心设计的饮食是最佳训练和表现的基础。然而，只要竞技体育存在，运动员就一直试图通过摄入各种物质来提高运动表现。这一做法催生了一个价值数十亿美元的产业，该产业大力推销其产品，称其具有增强表现的功效，而这些产品往往没有客观的科学证据来支持这些说法。尽管有许多优秀的综述评估了大多数膳食补充剂的增强表现效果，但对补充剂在团队运动表现方面的增强表现效果的关注较少。增强某些类型运动表现的膳食补充剂不一定能增强团队运动表现（反之亦然）。因此，本综述的首要目的是批判性地评估团队运动运动员常用的最常见膳食补充剂的功效。在本综述中，将使用“膳食补充剂”一词，定义为除了普通食物之外，通过口腔摄入的任何被提议具有增强表现效果的产品；本综述仅讨论目前未被世界反兴奋剂机构禁止的物质。有证据支持一些（但不是全部）被提议改善团队运动相关表现的膳食补充剂的增强表现效果。例如，有充分的证据表明咖啡因可以提高单次冲刺表现，而咖啡因、肌酸和碳酸氢钠的摄入都已被证明可以提高多次冲刺表现。β-丙氨酸或初乳的增强效果证据则不那么充分。目前的证据不支持摄入核糖、支链氨基酸或β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸，尤其是在训练有素的运动员中。需要对本综述中强调的膳食补充剂的增强表现效果进行更多的研究，使用团队运动运动员并使用与团队运动相关的测试（例如，单次和多次冲刺表现）。还应考虑到，改善孤立表现（即单次冲刺或跳跃表现）的膳食补充剂在团队运动比赛中的效果不一定仍然有效。因此，还需要进行更多的研究来调查膳食补充剂对模拟或实际团队运动表现的影响。本综述的第二个目的是调查与更常推广的膳食补充剂摄入相关的任何健康问题。虽然综述中描述的大多数补充剂在推荐剂量下使用时似乎是安全的，但高剂量（运动员经常服用的剂量）对健康指标的影响仍不清楚，需要进一步研究。最后，传闻报道表明，团队运动运动员经常同时摄入多种膳食补充剂，而对于同时摄入多种补充剂的潜在不良影响知之甚少。当单独摄入时被证明安全有效的补充剂，当与其他补充剂一起摄入时可能会产生不良影响。需要进行更多的研究来调查同时摄入多种补充剂（对表现和健康）的影响。
