Department of Physiology and Biophysics, 124 Sherman Hall, Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011 Mar;111(3):379-90. doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1710-5. Epub 2010 Nov 16.
There is no consensus on the best diet for exercise, as many variables influence it. We propose an approach that is based on the total energy expenditure of exercise and the specific macro- and micronutrients used. di Prampero quantified the impact of intensity and duration on the energy cost of exercise. This can be used to determine the total energy needs and the balance of fats and carbohydrates (CHO). There are metabolic differences between sedentary and trained persons, thus the total energy intake to prevent overfeeding of sedentary persons and underfeeding athletes is important. During submaximal sustained exercise, fat oxidation (FO) plays an important role. This role is diminished and CHO's role increases as exercise intensity increases. At super-maximal exercise intensities, anaerobic glycolysis dominates. In the case of protein and micronutrients, specific recommendations are required. We propose that for submaximal exercise, the balance of CHO and fat favors fat for longer exercise and CHO for shorter exercise, while always maintaining the minimal requirements of each (CHO: 40% and fat: 30%). A case for higher protein (above 15%) as well as creatine supplementation for resistance exercise has been proposed. One may also consider increasing bicarbonate intake for exercise that relies on anaerobic glycolysis, whereas there appears to be little support for antioxidant supplementation. Insuring minimal levels of substrate will prevent exercise intolerance, while increasing some components may increase exercise tolerance.
对于运动来说，没有一种饮食是最佳的，因为有许多因素会影响到它。我们提出了一种基于运动总能量消耗和使用的特定宏量和微量营养素的方法。迪普拉姆佩罗量化了强度和持续时间对运动能量消耗的影响。这可以用来确定总能量需求以及脂肪和碳水化合物（CHO）的平衡。久坐和训练有素的人之间存在代谢差异，因此，防止久坐者过度喂养和运动员喂养不足的总能量摄入很重要。在亚最大持续运动期间，脂肪氧化（FO）起着重要作用。随着运动强度的增加，这种作用减弱，CHO 的作用增加。在超最大运动强度下，无氧糖酵解占主导地位。对于蛋白质和微量营养素，需要特定的建议。我们建议对于亚最大运动，CHO 和脂肪的平衡有利于脂肪进行更长时间的运动，CHO 进行更短时间的运动，同时始终保持每种物质的最低需求（CHO：40%，脂肪：30%）。有人还建议在抗阻运动中增加蛋白质（高于 15%）和肌酸的补充。对于依赖无氧糖酵解的运动，也可以考虑增加碳酸氢盐的摄入，而抗氧化剂补充似乎没有得到太多支持。确保最低水平的底物将防止运动不耐受，而增加某些成分可能会增加运动耐受性。
