Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 3020 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA.
Mol Neurobiol. 2010 Dec;42(3):199-209. doi: 10.1007/s12035-010-8152-2. Epub 2010 Nov 20.
Stimulating neuronal regeneration is a potential strategy to treat sight-threatening diseases of the retina. In some classes of vertebrates, retinal regeneration occurs spontaneously to effectively replace neurons lost to acute damage in order to restore visual function. There are different mechanisms and cellular sources of retinal regeneration in different species, include the retinal pigmented epithelium, progenitors seeded across the retina, and the Müller glia. This review briefly summarizes the different mechanisms of retinal regeneration in frogs, fish, chicks, and rodents. The bulk of this review summarizes and discusses recent findings regarding regeneration from Müller glia-derived progenitors, with emphasis on findings in the chick retina. The Müller glia are a promising source of regeneration-supporting cells that are intrinsic to the retina and significant evidence indicated these glias can be stimulated to produce neurons in different classes of vertebrates. The key to harnessing the neurogenic potential of Müller glia is to identify the secreted factors, signaling pathways, and transcription factors that enable de-differentiation, proliferation, and neurogenesis. We review findings regarding the roles of mitogen-activated protein kinase and notch signaling in the proliferation and generation of Müller glia-derived retinal progenitors.
刺激神经元再生是治疗视网膜致盲性疾病的一种有潜力的策略。在某些脊椎动物中，视网膜会自发地进行再生，以有效地替代因急性损伤而丧失的神经元，从而恢复视觉功能。不同物种的视网膜再生具有不同的机制和细胞来源，包括视网膜色素上皮细胞、散布在整个视网膜上的祖细胞，以及 Muller 胶质细胞。本综述简要总结了青蛙、鱼类、小鸡和啮齿动物中不同的视网膜再生机制。本综述的大部分内容总结和讨论了最近关于 Muller 胶质细胞衍生祖细胞再生的发现，重点介绍了小鸡视网膜的发现。Muller 胶质细胞是一种很有前途的再生支持细胞来源，这些细胞是视网膜固有的，有大量证据表明，这些神经胶质细胞可以在不同的脊椎动物中被刺激产生神经元。利用 Muller 胶质细胞的神经发生潜力的关键是确定能够实现去分化、增殖和神经发生的分泌因子、信号通路和转录因子。我们回顾了丝裂原活化蛋白激酶和 Notch 信号通路在 Muller 胶质细胞衍生的视网膜祖细胞增殖和生成中的作用。
