Leiden University, Faculty of Humanities, Leiden Institute for Religious Studies, The Netherlands.
Bioethics. 2012 Mar;26(3):117-27. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8519.2010.01844.x. Epub 2010 Nov 23.
When Muslims thought of establishing milk banks, religious reservations were raised. These reservations were based on the concept that women's milk creates 'milk kinship' believed to impede marriage in Islamic Law. This type of kinship is, however, a distinctive phenomenon of Arab tradition and relatively unknown in Western cultures. This article is a pioneer study which fathoms out the contemporary discussions of Muslim scholars on this issue. The main focus here is a religious guideline (fatwa) issued in 1983, referred to in this article as 'one text', by the Egyptian scholar Yūsuf al-Qaradāwī who saw no religious problem in establishing or using these banks. After a number of introductory remarks on the 'Western' phenomenon of milk banks and the 'Islamic' phenomenon of 'milk kinship', this article analyses the fatwa of al-Qaradāwī 'one text' and investigates the 'two contexts' in which this fatwa was discussed, namely, the context of the Muslim world and that of Muslim minorities living in the West. The first context led to rejecting the fatwa and refusing to introduce the milk banking system in the Muslim world. The second context led to accepting this system and thus allowing Muslims living in the West to donate and receive milk from these banks. Besides its relevance to specialists in the fields of Islamic studies, anthropology and medical ethics, this article will also be helpful to physicians and nurses who deal with patients of Islamic background.
当穆斯林考虑建立母乳库时，引发了宗教方面的保留意见。这些保留意见基于这样一种观念，即女性的乳汁会产生“母乳亲缘关系”，而这种关系被认为会阻碍伊斯兰教法中的婚姻。然而，这种亲缘关系是阿拉伯传统中的一种独特现象，在西方文化中相对较少见。本文是一项先驱性研究，深入探讨了穆斯林学者在这个问题上的当代讨论。本文的主要重点是 1983 年埃及学者尤素福·卡拉达维(Yūsuf al-Qaradāwī)发布的一份宗教指导意见(法特瓦)，在本文中称为“一篇文本”，他认为建立或使用这些母乳库不存在宗教问题。在对“西方”母乳库现象和“伊斯兰”“母乳亲缘关系”现象进行了一些介绍性的说明之后，本文分析了卡拉达维的法特瓦“一篇文本”，并探讨了该法特瓦讨论的“两个背景”，即穆斯林世界的背景和生活在西方的穆斯林少数民族的背景。第一个背景导致拒绝接受这一法特瓦，并拒绝在穆斯林世界引入母乳库系统。第二个背景导致接受这一系统，从而允许生活在西方的穆斯林从这些母乳库中捐赠和接收母乳。除了与伊斯兰研究、人类学和医学伦理领域的专家有关外，本文对处理有伊斯兰背景的患者的医生和护士也将有所帮助。
