Department of Anthropology, University of Durham, Dawson Building, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
Proc Biol Sci. 2011 Jul 22;278(1715):2159-64. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2342. Epub 2010 Dec 15.
We analyse generosity, second-party ('spiteful') punishment (2PP), and third-party ('altruistic') punishment (3PP) in a cross-cultural experimental economics project. We show that smaller societies are less generous in the Dictator Game but no less prone to 2PP in the Ultimatum Game. We might assume people everywhere would be more willing to punish someone who hurt them directly (2PP) than someone who hurt an anonymous third person (3PP). While this is true of small societies, people in large societies are actually more likely to engage in 3PP than 2PP. Strong reciprocity, including generous offers and 3PP, exists mostly in large, complex societies that face numerous challenging collective action problems. We argue that 'spiteful' 2PP, motivated by the basic emotion of anger, is more universal than 3PP and sufficient to explain the origins of human cooperation.
我们在跨文化实验经济学项目中分析了慷慨、第二方（“恶意”）惩罚（2PP）和第三方（“利他”）惩罚（3PP）。我们表明，较小的社会在独裁者游戏中不太慷慨，但在最后通牒游戏中不太倾向于 2PP。我们可能会认为，任何人在任何地方都会更愿意惩罚直接伤害他们的人（2PP），而不是伤害匿名第三人的人（3PP）。虽然这在小社会中是正确的，但在大社会中，人们实际上更有可能进行 3PP 而不是 2PP。强烈的互惠，包括慷慨的提议和 3PP，主要存在于面临许多具有挑战性的集体行动问题的大型复杂社会中。我们认为，由基本情绪愤怒驱动的“恶意”2PP 比 3PP 更普遍，足以解释人类合作的起源。
