Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
Water Res. 2011 Jan;45(3):1165-76. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.11.010. Epub 2010 Nov 13.
During 8 sampling campaigns carried out over a period of two years, 72 samples, including influent and effluent wastewater, and sludge samples from three conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), were analyzed to assess the occurrence and fate of 43 pharmaceutical compounds. The selected pharmaceuticals belong to different therapeutic classes, i.e. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, lipid modifying agents (fibrates and statins), psychiatric drugs (benzodiazepine derivative drugs and antiepileptics), histamine H2-receptor antagonists, antibacterials for systemic use, beta blocking agents, beta-agonists, diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and anti-diabetics. The obtained results showed the presence of 32 target compounds in wastewater influent and 29 in effluent, in concentrations ranging from low ng/L to a few μg/L (e.g. NSAIDs). The analysis of sludge samples showed that 21 pharmaceuticals accumulated in sewage sludge from all three WWTPs in concentrations up to 100 ng/g. This indicates that even good removal rates obtained in aqueous phase (i.e. comparison of influent and effluent wastewater concentrations) do not imply degradation to the same extent. For this reason, the overall removal was estimated as a sum of all the losses of a parent compound produces by different mechanisms of chemical and physical transformation, biodegradation and sorption to solid matter. The target compounds showed very different removal rates and no logical pattern in behaviour even if they belong to the same therapeutic groups. What is clear is that the elimination of most of the substances is incomplete and improvements of the wastewater treatment and subsequent treatments of the produced sludge are required to prevent the introduction of these micro-pollutants in the environment.
在为期两年的 8 次采样活动中，分析了来自三个传统污水处理厂（WWTP）的 72 个样本，包括进水和出水废水以及污泥样本，以评估 43 种药物化合物的出现和归宿。所选药物属于不同的治疗类别，即非甾体抗炎药、调脂剂（贝特类和他汀类）、精神药物（苯二氮䓬类药物和抗癫痫药）、组胺 H2 受体拮抗剂、全身用抗菌药、β 阻断剂、β 激动剂、利尿剂、血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）抑制剂和抗糖尿病药。研究结果表明，废水中有 32 种目标化合物，出水中有 29 种，浓度范围从低 ng/L 到几μg/L（如 NSAIDs）。对污泥样本的分析表明，来自三个 WWTP 的所有污水污泥中都累积了 21 种药物，浓度高达 100ng/g。这表明，即使在水相中获得了良好的去除率（即进水和出水废水浓度的比较），也不意味着降解程度相同。因此，总体去除率被估计为母体化合物通过不同的化学和物理转化、生物降解和对固体物质的吸附等机制产生的所有损失的总和。目标化合物的去除率差异很大，即使它们属于同一治疗组，行为也没有明显的规律。可以肯定的是，大多数物质的消除是不完全的，需要改进废水处理和随后处理产生的污泥，以防止这些微污染物进入环境。
