Xiao Yuhong, Isaacs Stuart N
Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
Viruses. 2010 Oct;2(10):2381-2403. doi: 10.3390/v2102381.
Despite the eradication of smallpox several decades ago, variola and monkeypox viruses still have the potential to become significant threats to public health. The current licensed live vaccinia virus-based smallpox vaccine is extremely effective as a prophylactic vaccine to prevent orthopoxvirus infections, but because of safety issues, it is no longer given as a routine vaccine to the general population. In the event of serious human orthopoxvirus infections, it is important to have treatments available for individual patients as well as their close contacts. The smallpox vaccine and vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) were used in the past as therapeutics for patients exposed to smallpox. VIG was also used in patients who were at high risk of developing complications from smallpox vaccination. Thus post-exposure vaccination and VIG treatments may again become important therapeutic modalities. This paper summarizes some of the historic use of the smallpox vaccine and immunoglobulins in the post-exposure setting in humans and reviews in detail the newer animal studies that address the use of therapeutic vaccines and immunoglobulins in orthopoxvirus infections as well as the development of new therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.
尽管几十年前天花已被根除，但天花病毒和猴痘病毒仍有可能对公共卫生构成重大威胁。目前获得许可的基于活痘苗病毒的天花疫苗作为预防正痘病毒感染的预防性疫苗极为有效，但由于安全问题，它不再作为常规疫苗接种给普通人群。在发生严重的人类正痘病毒感染时，为个体患者及其密切接触者提供治疗方法很重要。过去，天花疫苗和痘苗免疫球蛋白（VIG）被用作接触天花患者的治疗手段。VIG也用于有因天花疫苗接种而出现并发症高风险的患者。因此，暴露后接种疫苗和VIG治疗可能再次成为重要的治疗方式。本文总结了天花疫苗和免疫球蛋白在人类暴露后情况下的一些历史用途，并详细回顾了有关治疗性疫苗和免疫球蛋白在正痘病毒感染中的应用以及新型治疗性单克隆抗体开发的最新动物研究。
