School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
Psychon Bull Rev. 2011 Jun;18(3):570-8. doi: 10.3758/s13423-011-0065-1.
Information that is presumed to be true at encoding but later on turns out to be false (i.e., misinformation) often continues to influence memory and reasoning. In the present study, we investigated how the strength of encoding and the strength of a later retraction of the misinformation affect this continued influence effect. Participants read an event report containing misinformation and a subsequent correction. Encoding strength of the misinformation and correction were orthogonally manipulated either via repetition (Experiment 1) or by imposing a cognitive load during reading (Experiment 2). Results suggest that stronger retractions are effective in reducing the continued influence effects associated with strong misinformation encoding, but that even strong retractions fail to eliminate continued influence effects associated with relatively weak encoding. We present a simple computational model based on random sampling that captures this effect pattern, and conclude that the continued influence effect seems to defy most attempts to eliminate it.
信息在编码时被认为是真实的，但后来却被证明是错误的（即误导信息），它经常会继续影响记忆和推理。在本研究中，我们调查了编码强度和误导信息的后续撤回强度如何影响这种持续影响效应。参与者阅读了一份包含错误信息和随后更正的事件报告。通过重复（实验 1）或在阅读时施加认知负荷（实验 2）来正交地操纵错误信息和更正的编码强度。结果表明，更强的撤回对于减少与强错误信息编码相关的持续影响效应是有效的，但即使是强撤回也无法消除与相对较弱的编码相关的持续影响效应。我们提出了一个基于随机抽样的简单计算模型，该模型捕捉到了这种效应模式，并得出结论，持续影响效应似乎抵制了大多数试图消除它的尝试。
