Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
Environ Manage. 2011 May;47(5):983-91. doi: 10.1007/s00267-011-9640-5. Epub 2011 Mar 4.
Three different systems of designating protected areas in a Mediterranean region in southeastern Spain were studied, referring to their effectiveness and efficiency for protecting both the breeding territories and the suitable habitat of a set of ten raptor species. Taking into consideration the varying degrees of endangerment of these species, a map of multispecies conservation values was also drawn up and superimposed on the three protected-area systems studied. In order to compare the levels of protection afforded by the three systems, we considered two indices that measured their relative effectiveness and efficiency. The effectiveness estimated the proportion of territories or optimal habitat protected by the networks while efficiency implicitly considered the area of each system (percentage of breeding territories or optimal habitat protected per 1% of land protected). Overall, our results showed that the most efficient system was that formed by the set of regional parks and reserves (17 protected breeding territories per 100 km²), although, given its small total area, it was by far the least effective (only protecting the 21% of the breeding territories of all species and 17% of the area of high conservation value). The systems formed by the Special Protection Areas (designated under the EU "Birds Directive") and by the Special Conservation Areas (designated under the EU "Habitats Directive") notably increased the percentages of protected territories of all species (61%) and area of high conservation value (57%), but their efficiency was not as high as expected in most cases. The overall level of protection was high for all species except for the Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni), an endangered falcon that inhabits pseudo-steppe and traditional agricultural habitats, which are clearly underrepresented in the protected-area network of the study region.
研究了西班牙东南部地中海地区三种不同的保护区指定系统，以评估它们在保护繁殖地和十种猛禽适宜栖息地方面的有效性和效率。考虑到这些物种的濒危程度不同，还绘制了一张多物种保护价值图，并将其叠加在研究的三种保护区系统上。为了比较这三种系统的保护水平，我们考虑了两个衡量其相对有效性和效率的指数。有效性估计了网络保护的领土或适宜栖息地的比例，而效率则隐含地考虑了每个系统的面积（每保护 1%的土地所保护的繁殖地或适宜栖息地的百分比）。总的来说，我们的结果表明，最有效的系统是由一系列区域公园和保护区组成的系统（每 100 平方公里有 17 个受保护的繁殖地），尽管由于总面积较小，它是迄今为止最无效的系统（仅保护了所有物种的 21%的繁殖地和 17%的高保护价值区域）。特别保护区（根据欧盟“鸟类指令”指定）和特别保护区（根据欧盟“生境指令”指定）系统显著提高了所有物种的受保护领土的百分比（61%）和高保护价值区域的百分比（57%），但在大多数情况下，其效率并不如预期的那样高。除了生活在拟草原和传统农业栖息地的濒危隼类物种（Falco naumanni）小隼外，所有物种的整体保护水平都很高，而该物种在研究区域的保护区网络中明显代表性不足。
