Estonian Literary Museum, Vanemuise 42, Tartu 51003, Estonia.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 May 17;135(2):251-60. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.02.030. Epub 2011 Mar 2.
The aim of this paper is to compare the changes in the utilization of species from various hemeroby categories (indicating the degree of sensitivity of the plant to human impact) using historical data concerning the years 1888-1994.
The authors digitised 8808 handwritten reports, reflecting local ethnopharmacological knowledge from 8 selected collections from the Estonian Folklore Archives of the Estonian Literary Museum. They were semi-quantitatively analyzed according to the sensitivity to human impact of 540 taxa that could possibly be related to the plant vernacular names given in the reports.
Although in different periods of time the number of ethnopharmacologically used plants has changed, the proportion of plants utilized from each group has remained relatively same, consisting on average of: 23% anthropophytes, 42% apophytes, 32% hemeradiaphores and 3% hemerophobes. Comparison of the application of the most used plants revealed considerable changes of plant utilization, in which the varied use of the most popular anthropophytes increased and the applied scope of the most popular hemeradiaphores and hemerophobes decreased almost by twofold in one century. Case studies on seven taxa are presented, of them, use of Allium sativum L., Aesculus hippocastanum L. and Mentha xpiperita L. increased, whereas the use of Hordeum L., Orchidaceae, Paris quadrifolia L. and Briza media L. decreased greatly.
This research contributes to the better understanding of the cognitive and human ecological concepts underlying the use of medicinal plants in Estonia. Strong increase in the ethnomedical utilization of plants depending on human influence, and a decrease in the use of taxa that do not prefer human activities indicates that, despite some of the population still have access to natural resources and diverse knowledge of the medical use of plants, the majority relies on a very narrow selection and a rather restricted herbal landscape.
本文旨在通过历史数据（1888 年至 1994 年）比较来自不同生境类别的物种利用变化，这些数据表明植物对人类影响的敏感程度。
作者对 8 个从爱沙尼亚文学博物馆的 8 个选定收藏的民俗档案中收集的 8808 份手写报告进行了数字化处理。他们根据 540 个分类单元对报告中给出的植物俗名进行了半定量分析，这些分类单元可能与植物的利用有关，这些分类单元对人类影响的敏感程度不同。
尽管在不同时期利用的植物数量有所变化，但每个组利用的植物比例相对保持不变，平均包括：23%的人植物、42%的拟南芥植物、32%的半植物和 3%的抗生植物。对最常用植物应用的比较显示，植物利用发生了相当大的变化，其中最受欢迎的人植物的多样化利用增加，而最受欢迎的半植物和抗生植物的应用范围在一个世纪内几乎减少了两倍。本文对七个分类单元进行了案例研究，其中，洋葱（Allium sativum L.）、欧洲七叶树（Aesculus hippocastanum L.）和薄荷（Mentha xpiperita L.）的使用增加，而大麦（Hordeum L.）、兰科植物、四叶苹（Paris quadrifolia L.）和滨草（Briza media L.）的使用则大大减少。
本研究有助于更好地理解爱沙尼亚药用植物使用背后的认知和人类生态概念。对受人类影响的植物的民族医学利用的强烈增加，以及对不喜欢人类活动的分类单元利用的减少，表明尽管一些人仍然可以获得自然资源和对植物药用的多样化了解，但大多数人依赖于非常狭窄的选择和相当有限的草药景观。
