National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
J Occup Environ Med. 2011 Apr;53(4):346-51. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e318212235f.
This study quantified casino dealers' occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).
We measured casino dealers' exposure to ETS components by analyzing full-shift air and preshift and postshift urine samples.
Casino dealers were exposed to nicotine, 4-vinyl pyridine, benzene, toluene, naphthalene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, solanesol, and respirable suspended particulates. Levels of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in urine increased significantly during an 8-hour work shift both with and without adjustment for creatinine clearance. Creatinine-unadjusted cotinine significantly increased during the 8-hour shift, but creatinine-adjusted cotinine did not increase significantly.
Casino dealers at the three casinos were exposed to airborne ETS components and absorbed an ETS-specific component into their bodies, as demonstrated by detectable levels of urinary NNAL. The casinos should ban smoking on their premises and offer employee smoking cessation programs.
本研究定量分析了赌场发牌员的职业性环境烟草烟雾（ETS）暴露情况。
通过分析赌场发牌员整个班次的空气样本及班前班后尿样，我们对其 ETS 成分暴露情况进行了检测。
赌场发牌员接触到了尼古丁、4-乙烯吡啶、苯、甲苯、萘、甲醛、乙醛、茄尼醇和可吸入悬浮颗粒。无论是否校正肌酐清除率，在 8 小时工作班次期间，尿中 4-（甲基亚硝氨基）-1-（3-吡啶基）-1-丁醇（NNAL）的水平均显著升高。8 小时轮班期间，非校正肌酸酐的可替宁显著增加，但校正肌酸酐的可替宁没有显著增加。
这三家赌场的发牌员暴露于空气传播的 ETS 成分中，并通过检测到的尿 NNAL 水平证明其体内吸收了一种 ETS 特定成分。这些赌场应禁止在其场所吸烟，并为员工提供戒烟计划。
