Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Environ Int. 2011 Jul;37(5):872-81. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.015. Epub 2011 Mar 29.
We performed a cumulative risk assessment for people living in a hypothetical urban environment, called Urbania. The main aims of the study were to demonstrate how a cumulative risk assessment for a middle-sized European city can be performed and to identify the bottlenecks in terms of data availability and knowledge gaps. The assessment focused on five air pollutants (i.e., PM₁₀, benzene, toluene, nonane and naphthalene) and six food pesticides (i.e., acetamiprid, carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, imidacloprid and permethrin). Exposure predictions showed that PM₁₀, benzene and naphthalene exposure frequently exceeded the standards, and that the indoor environment contributed more than the outdoor environment. Effect predictions showed that mixture and interaction effects were generally limited. However, model calculations indicated potential synergistic effects between naphthalene and benzene and between chlorpyrifos, diazinon and toluene. PM₁₀ dominated the health impact expressed in Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). We conclude that measures to reduce the health impact of environmental pollution should focus on the improvement of indoor air quality and the reduction of PM₁₀ emissions. Cumulative risk assessment can be improved by (1) the development of person-oriented exposure models that can simulate the cumulative exposure history of individuals, (2) a better mechanistic understanding of the effects of cumulative stressors, and (3) the development of instruments to prioritize stressors for inclusion in cumulative risk assessments.
我们对生活在一个假设的城市环境（称为 Urbania）中的人群进行了累积风险评估。该研究的主要目的是展示如何对一个中等规模的欧洲城市进行累积风险评估，并确定在数据可用性和知识差距方面的瓶颈。评估重点关注五种空气污染物（即 PM₁₀、苯、甲苯、壬烷和萘）和六种食品农药（即乙虫腈、多菌灵、毒死蜱、二嗪磷、氯吡虫啉和氯菊酯）。暴露预测表明，PM₁₀、苯和萘的暴露经常超过标准，室内环境的贡献超过室外环境。效应预测表明，混合物和相互作用效应通常是有限的。然而，模型计算表明萘和苯之间以及毒死蜱、二嗪磷和甲苯之间可能存在协同效应。PM₁₀主导了用残疾调整生命年（DALYs）表示的健康影响。我们的结论是，减少环境污染对健康影响的措施应侧重于改善室内空气质量和减少 PM₁₀排放。累积风险评估可以通过以下方式得到改善：（1）开发以个人为导向的暴露模型，以模拟个人的累积暴露史；（2）更好地了解累积胁迫物的作用机制；（3）开发工具，以优先考虑将胁迫物纳入累积风险评估。
