Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011 Apr;66 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):iii3-9. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkr094.
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a serious condition associated with significant morbidity and potential long-term mortality. Although the majority of patients with CAP are treated as outpatients, the greatest proportion of pneumonia-related mortality and healthcare expenditure occurs among the patients who are hospitalized. There has been considerable interest in determining risk factors and severity criteria assessments to assist with site-of-care decisions. For both inpatients and outpatients, the most common pathogens associated with CAP include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, group A streptococci and Moraxella catarrhalis. Atypical pathogens, Gram-negative bacilli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and viruses are also recognized aetiological agents of CAP. Despite the availability of antimicrobial therapies, the recent emergence of drug-resistant pneumococcal and staphylococcal isolates has limited the effectiveness of currently available agents. Because early and rapid initiation of empirical antimicrobial treatment is critical for achieving a favourable outcome in CAP, newer agents with activity against drug-resistant strains of S. pneumoniae and MRSA are needed for the management of patients with CAP.
社区获得性肺炎（CAP）是一种严重的疾病，与显著的发病率和潜在的长期死亡率相关。尽管大多数 CAP 患者在门诊接受治疗，但肺炎相关死亡率和医疗支出的最大比例发生在住院患者中。人们对确定危险因素和严重程度评估标准以协助治疗场所决策非常感兴趣。对于住院患者和门诊患者，与 CAP 相关的最常见病原体包括肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、A 组链球菌和卡他莫拉菌。非典型病原体、革兰氏阴性杆菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和病毒也是 CAP 的病因。尽管有抗菌治疗方法，但最近出现的耐药肺炎球菌和葡萄球菌分离株限制了现有药物的有效性。由于早期和快速启动经验性抗菌治疗对于 CAP 获得良好结果至关重要，因此需要具有针对耐药肺炎链球菌和 MRSA 菌株活性的新型药物来治疗 CAP 患者。
