Ghasemzadeh Ali, Jaafar Hawa Z E
Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mail:
Int J Mol Sci. 2011 Feb 10;12(2):1101-14. doi: 10.3390/ijms12021101.
The effect of two different CO(2) concentrations (400 and 800 μmol mol(-1)) on the photosynthesis rate, primary and secondary metabolite syntheses and the antioxidant activities of the leaves, stems and rhizomes of two Zingiber officinale varieties (Halia Bentong and Halia Bara) were assessed in an effort to compare and validate the medicinal potential of the subterranean part of the young ginger. High photosynthesis rate (10.05 μmol CO(2) m(-2)s(-1) in Halia Bara) and plant biomass (83.4 g in Halia Bentong) were observed at 800 μmol mol(-1) CO(2). Stomatal conductance decreased and water use efficiency increased with elevated CO(2) concentration. Total flavonoids (TF), total phenolics (TP), total soluble carbohydrates (TSC), starch and plant biomass increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in all parts of the ginger varieties under elevated CO(2) (800 μmol mol(-1)). The order of the TF and TP increment in the parts of the plant was rhizomes > stems > leaves. More specifically, Halia Bara had a greater increase of TF (2.05 mg/g dry weight) and TP (14.31 mg/g dry weight) compared to Halia Bentong (TF: 1.42 mg/g dry weight; TP: 9.11 mg/g dry weight) in average over the whole plant. Furthermore, plants with the highest rate of photosynthesis had the highest TSC and phenolics content. Significant differences between treatments and species were observed for TF and TP production. Correlation coefficient showed that TSC and TP content are positively correlated in both varieties. The antioxidant activity, as determined by the ferric reducing/antioxidant potential (FRAP) activity, increased in young ginger grown under elevated CO(2). The FRAP values for the leaves, rhizomes and stems extracts of both varieties grown under two different CO(2) concentrations (400 and 800 μmol mol(-1)) were significantly lower than those of vitamin C (3107.28 μmol Fe (II)/g) and α-tocopherol (953 μmol Fe (II)/g), but higher than that of BHT (74.31 μmol Fe (II)/g). These results indicate that the plant biomass, primary and secondary metabolite synthesis, and following that, antioxidant activities of Malaysian young ginger varieties can be enhanced through controlled environment (CE) and CO(2) enrichment.
评估了两种不同二氧化碳浓度（400和800 μmol mol⁻¹）对两种姜品种（笨通姜和巴拉姜）的叶片、茎和根茎的光合速率、初级和次级代谢产物合成以及抗氧化活性的影响，以比较和验证嫩姜地下部分的药用潜力。在800 μmol mol⁻¹二氧化碳浓度下，观察到较高的光合速率（巴拉姜中为10.05 μmol CO₂ m⁻²s⁻¹）和植物生物量（笨通姜中为83.4 g）。随着二氧化碳浓度升高，气孔导度降低，水分利用效率提高。在升高的二氧化碳（800 μmol mol⁻¹）条件下，姜品种各部位的总黄酮（TF）、总酚（TP）、总可溶性碳水化合物（TSC）、淀粉和植物生物量均显著增加（P≤0.05）。植物各部位TF和TP增加的顺序为根茎＞茎＞叶。更具体地说，与笨通姜（TF：1.42 mg/g干重；TP：9.11 mg/g干重）相比，巴拉姜在全株平均水平上TF（2.05 mg/g干重）和TP（14.31 mg/g干重）的增加幅度更大。此外，光合速率最高的植物TSC和酚类含量也最高。在TF和TP产量方面，处理和品种之间存在显著差异。相关系数表明，两个品种中TSC和TP含量呈正相关。通过铁还原/抗氧化能力（FRAP）活性测定的抗氧化活性，在升高的二氧化碳条件下生长的嫩姜中有所增加。在两种不同二氧化碳浓度（400和800 μmol mol⁻¹）下生长的两个品种的叶片、根茎和茎提取物的FRAP值均显著低于维生素C（3107.28 μmol Fe（II）/g）和α-生育酚（953 μmol Fe（II）/g），但高于丁基羟基甲苯（BHT，74.31 μmol Fe（II）/g）。这些结果表明，通过控制环境（CE）和二氧化碳富集可以提高马来西亚嫩姜品种的植物生物量、初级和次级代谢产物合成以及随后的抗氧化活性。
