Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012 Nov 23;12:229. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-229.
The increase in atmospheric CO(2) concentration caused by climate change and agricultural practices is likely to affect biota by producing changes in plant growth, allocation and chemical composition. This study was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of the application of salicylic acid (SA, at two levels: 0 and 10-3 M) and CO(2) enrichment (at two levels: 400 and 800 μmol·mol-1) on the production and antioxidant activities of anthocyanin, flavonoids and isoflavonoids from two Malaysian ginger varieties, namely Halia Bentong and Halia Bara.
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array detection and mass spectrometry was employed to identify and quantify the flavonoids and anthocyanins in the ginger extracts. The antioxidant activity of the leaf extracts was determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assays. The substrate specificity of chalcone synthase, the key enzyme for flavonoid biosynthesis, was investigated using the chalcone synthase (CHS) assay.
CO(2) levels of 800 μmol·mol-1 significantly increased anthocyanin, rutin, naringenin, myricetin, apigenin, fisetin and morin contents in ginger leaves. Meanwhile, the combined effect of SA and CO(2) enrichment enhanced anthocyanin and flavonoid production compared with single treatment effects. High anthocyanin content was observed in H Bara leaves treated with elevated CO(2) and SA. The highest chalcone synthase (CHS) activity was observed in plants treated with SA and CO(2) enrichment. Plants not treated with SA and kept under ambient CO(2) conditions showed the lowest CHS activity. The highest free radical scavenging activity corresponded to H Bara treated with SA under high CO(2) conditions, while the lowest activity corresponded to H Bentong without SA treatment and under atmospheric CO(2) levels. As the level of CO(2) increased, the DPPH activity increased. Higher TBA activity was also recorded in the extracts of H Bara treated with SA and grown under high CO(2) conditions.
The biological activities of both ginger varieties were enhanced when the plants were treated with SA and grown under elevated CO(2) concentration. The increase in the production of anthocyanin and flavonoids in plants treated with SA could be attributed to the increase in CHS activity under high CO(2) levels.
气候变化和农业实践导致大气中二氧化碳浓度的增加，可能通过改变植物的生长、分配和化学成分来影响生物群。本研究旨在评估水杨酸（SA，两个水平：0 和 10-3 M）和 CO2 富集（两个水平：400 和 800 μmol·mol-1）联合应用对两种马来西亚姜品种（即邦通姜和巴拉姜）的花色苷、类黄酮和异黄酮的产生和抗氧化活性的综合影响。
采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）结合光电二极管阵列检测和质谱法鉴定和定量姜提取物中的类黄酮和花色苷。通过 1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼（DPPH）和硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）测定法测定叶提取物的抗氧化活性。利用查尔酮合酶（CHS）测定法研究了类黄酮生物合成的关键酶-查尔酮合酶的底物特异性。
CO2 水平为 800 μmol·mol-1 时，显著增加了姜叶中的花色苷、芦丁、柚皮苷、杨梅素、芹菜素、非瑟酮和桑色素含量。同时，与单一处理效应相比，SA 和 CO2 富集的联合作用增强了花色苷和类黄酮的产生。在高 CO2 和 SA 处理的 H Bara 叶片中观察到较高的花色苷含量。在 SA 和 CO2 富集处理的植物中观察到最高的查尔酮合酶（CHS）活性。在未用 SA 处理并在大气 CO2 条件下保持的植物中，CHS 活性最低。自由基清除活性最高的是在高 CO2 条件下用 SA 处理的 H Bara，而活性最低的是没有 SA 处理且在大气 CO2 水平下的 H Bentong。随着 CO2 水平的升高，DPPH 活性增加。在 SA 处理并在高 CO2 条件下生长的 H Bara 提取物中也记录到较高的 TBA 活性。
当植物用 SA 处理并在高 CO2 浓度下生长时，两种姜品种的生物活性都增强了。在 SA 处理的植物中花色苷和类黄酮产量的增加可能归因于高 CO2 水平下 CHS 活性的增加。
