Center for Humanities, Health Policy and Community Empowerment, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Indonesian Ministry of Health, Jl Percetakan Negara No 23 A, Jakarta 10560, Indonesia.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011 Feb;8(2):528-39. doi: 10.3390/ijerph8020528. Epub 2011 Feb 16.
The main objective of this study is to present the prevalence of Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVDs) defined as been diagnosed or having symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease, Arrhytmia, or Heart Failure. The main risk factor analyzed is smoking behavior. The data used for this study was from Basic Health Survey of 2007, a National baseline data collected every three years which consist of more than one million samples representing 33 provinces in Indonesia. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, history of CVDs and smoking behavior were collected by highly-trained interviewers using a questionnaire which had been tested. A sub-sample of the survey consisting of 100,009 males aged 45 years and over was analyzed. Crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) were analyzed using logistic regressions to estimate the prevalence of CVDs by smoking behavior and socio-demographic characteristics. Overall, 86.8% respondents reported that they had never been diagnosed as having CVDs or having any symptom of CVDs.; while 2.1% respondents reported that they had been diagnosed by a health professional (a doctor or a nurse) of having CVDs. The interviewers also identified three signs and symptoms of CVDs for all respondents if they reported of never been diagnosed CVDs. Among all respondents 2.3% had symptoms of coronary heart disease, 4.9% had symptoms of arrhytmia, and 3.9% had symptoms of heart failure. The prevalence of CVDs was significantly higher in former smokers (OR = 2.03), and duration of smoking for more than 20 years. The prevalence of CVDs was significantly higher among older groups. Old males who lived in Sulawesi island had higher probability of having CVDs (OR = 1.67). The lower prevalence of CVDs seemed to have associated with higher among Senior High School Graduate compared to those who Never Schooling (OR = 0.8). Since population of Indonesia is relatively young, the future of health care costs of Indonesia would be high due to high prevalence of smoking among males population. This finding suggests that Indonesia should ratify Framework Convention on Tobacco Control ans start impelementing measures to control tobacco uses in order to reduce public health and economic consequences of smoking in the future.
本研究的主要目的是呈现心血管疾病（CVDs）的流行情况，这些 CVDs被定义为已被诊断或出现冠心病、心律失常或心力衰竭的症状。分析的主要风险因素是吸烟行为。本研究使用的数据来自于 2007 年的基本健康调查，这是一项每三年收集一次的全国基线数据，涵盖了印度尼西亚 33 个省的 100 多万个样本。社会人口特征、CVD 病史和吸烟行为信息由经过高度培训的调查员使用经过测试的问卷收集。对调查的一个子样本，即 100009 名年龄在 45 岁及以上的男性进行了分析。使用逻辑回归分析粗比和调整后的比值比（OR），以估计吸烟行为和社会人口特征对 CVD 患病率的影响。总体而言，86.8%的受访者报告称，他们从未被诊断患有 CVD 或出现 CVD 的任何症状；而 2.1%的受访者报告称，他们曾被医生或护士诊断患有 CVD。调查员还为所有报告从未被诊断患有 CVD 的受访者确定了 CVD 的三个体征和症状。在所有受访者中，2.3%有冠心病症状，4.9%有心律失常症状，3.9%有心力衰竭症状。在曾经吸烟者（OR=2.03）和吸烟超过 20 年的人群中，CVD 的患病率明显更高。在年龄较大的群体中，CVD 的患病率也明显更高。在苏拉威西岛居住的老年男性患有 CVD 的可能性更高（OR=1.67）。与从未受过教育的人相比，高中以上学历的人 CVD 的患病率较低（OR=0.8）。由于印度尼西亚的人口相对年轻，由于男性人口中吸烟率较高，印度尼西亚未来的医疗保健费用将会很高。这一发现表明，印度尼西亚应批准《烟草控制框架公约》，并开始实施控制烟草使用的措施，以减少未来吸烟对公共卫生和经济造成的后果。
