Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Integr Comp Biol. 2010 Oct;50(4):675-82. doi: 10.1093/icb/icq078. Epub 2010 Jul 2.
Between 85% and 95% of all living macroscopic species are found on land; the rest are mainly marine. We argue that the extraordinary diversity on land is geologically recent, dating from the mid-Cretaceous period, ∼110 million years ago. We suggest that the ability and necessity to be rare--that is, to maintain populations at low density--are made possible by the low cost of mobility of consumers on land, and that rarity is critical to the attainment of high-terrestrial diversity. Increasing productivity beginning in the mid-Cretaceous led to an increase in the survival of populations at low density and to an increase in the intensity of selection for that ability as well as for high mobility and habitat specialization. The pre-eminence of terrestrial, as compared to marine, diversity is therefore an historical phenomenon that is best explained by selection-related changes in mobility, dispersibility, and the evolution of partnerships.
在所有现存的宏观生物物种中，有 85%到 95%生活在陆地上；其余的主要生活在海洋中。我们认为，陆地生物的非凡多样性是最近地质时期的产物，可追溯到大约 1.1 亿年前的白垩纪中期。我们提出，在陆地消费者中，保持低种群密度的稀有性的能力和必要性是由较低的移动成本带来的，而稀有性对于实现高陆地多样性至关重要。从中期白垩纪开始，生产力的提高导致低种群密度的生存能力提高，以及对这种能力以及高移动性和栖息地专业化的选择强度增加。与海洋相比，陆地的卓越多样性因此是一个历史现象，最好通过与移动性、分散性和伙伴关系进化相关的选择变化来解释。
