Basel University Medical Clinic, Kantonsspital Liestal, 4410, Liestal, Switzerland.
Semin Immunopathol. 2011 May;33(3):295-306. doi: 10.1007/s00281-011-0275-7. Epub 2011 May 21.
Implanted devices are mainly used to improve impaired function or to replace missing anatomic structures. They are made of synthetic material or devitalized biological structures. In contrast to vital transplants, they are not rejected by the body. However, the host reacts against these foreign bodies, a process which can be designated as biocompatibility. The interaction of the device with adjacent granulocytes and complement not only induces various degrees of inflammation but also impairs local microbial clearance. Foreign surfaces are a preferred target for bacterial adherence. While adhering bacteria are highly resistant to the bactericidal activity of phagocytes, they are also resistant to most antimicrobial agents. Certain bacteria may reside within host cells, and hence, evade host defense mechanisms by persisting intracellularly around implants. Nanotechnology minimizes clotting activation and bacterial adhesion by intravascular devices. Furthermore, surface coating with appropriate substances favorably influences biocompatibility as well as susceptibility to infection. In the future, "Microsystems Technology" deployed as intelligent device may decrease the risk of implant failure due to infection.
植入式装置主要用于改善受损功能或替代缺失的解剖结构。它们由合成材料或去活的生物结构制成。与有生命的移植不同，它们不会被身体排斥。然而，宿主会对这些异物产生反应，这一过程可以被称为生物相容性。装置与相邻的粒细胞和补体的相互作用不仅会引起不同程度的炎症，还会损害局部微生物的清除。外来表面是细菌附着的首选目标。虽然附着的细菌对吞噬细胞的杀菌活性具有很强的抵抗力，但它们也对大多数抗菌药物具有抵抗力。某些细菌可能存在于宿主细胞内，因此，通过在植入物周围的细胞内持续存在而逃避宿主防御机制。纳米技术通过血管内装置最小化凝血激活和细菌黏附。此外，用适当的物质进行表面涂层不仅有利于生物相容性，而且有利于感染的易感性。未来，作为智能装置的“微系统技术”可能会降低因感染导致植入物失效的风险。
