School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011 Jul 12;366(1573):1987-98. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0390.
Over the past 50 years, crop protection has relied heavily on synthetic chemical pesticides, but their availability is now declining as a result of new legislation and the evolution of resistance in pest populations. Therefore, alternative pest management tactics are needed. Biopesticides are pest management agents based on living micro-organisms or natural products. They have proven potential for pest management and they are being used across the world. However, they are regulated by systems designed originally for chemical pesticides that have created market entry barriers by imposing burdensome costs on the biopesticide industry. There are also significant technical barriers to making biopesticides more effective. In the European Union, a greater emphasis on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as part of agricultural policy may lead to innovations in the way that biopesticides are regulated. There are also new opportunities for developing biopesticides in IPM by combining ecological science with post-genomics technologies. The new biopesticide products that will result from this research will bring with them new regulatory and economic challenges that must be addressed through joint working between social and natural scientists, policy makers and industry.
在过去的 50 年中，作物保护严重依赖合成化学农药，但由于新法规的出台和害虫种群抗药性的发展，这些农药的供应正在减少。因此，需要替代的害虫管理策略。生物农药是基于活微生物或天然产品的害虫管理剂。它们在害虫管理方面已经显示出了潜力，并且正在全球范围内使用。然而，它们是由最初为化学农药设计的系统来监管的，这些系统通过给生物农药行业带来繁重的成本，为其设立了市场准入壁垒。要使生物农药更有效，还存在着重大的技术障碍。在欧盟，作为农业政策一部分的综合虫害管理（IPM）的重视程度的提高，可能会导致生物农药监管方式的创新。通过将生态科学与后基因组技术相结合，在 IPM 中开发生物农药也有新的机会。这项研究将产生新的生物农药产品，这些产品将带来新的监管和经济挑战，需要社会和自然科学家、政策制定者和行业共同努力加以解决。
