Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Jul 1;45(13):5783-90. doi: 10.1021/es103959d. Epub 2011 Jun 7.
For the first time, the exposure of swimmers and workers to haloacetic acids (HAAs) in indoor and outdoor pools was evaluated through the analysis of urine samples. The subjects of this study, 49 volunteers, were male and female workers as well as swimmers (adults and children) who regularly attended an indoor pool (January-June) and an outdoor one (July and August). The results showed that HAAs appeared 20-30 min after exposure and were eliminated within 3 h. After 2 h exposure, urine samples taken from workers contained dichloroacetic (DCAA) and trichloroacetic (TCAA) acids at 300 and ~120 ng/L levels since HAAs were aerosolized in the indoor ambient, whereas only DCAA was found in some workers' urine samples from the outdoor pool but at ~50 ng/L levels, despite the fact that the outdoor pools generally had somewhat higher levels of HAAs than the indoor pools. After 1 h swimming TCAA, DCAA and MCAA were present at concentrations of ~4400, ~2300, and ~560 ng/L, respectively, in the swimmers' urine in the indoor pool; similar results were obtained from the swimmers in the outdoor pool due to accidental ingestion. Finally, exposure estimates indicate that ingestion is the major route of exposure (94%), followed by inhalation (5%) and dermal contribution (1%).
首次通过尿液样本分析评估了室内和室外游泳池中游泳者和工作人员接触卤乙酸（HAAs）的情况。本研究的受试者为 49 名志愿者，包括男性和女性工作人员以及经常参加室内游泳池（1 月至 6 月）和室外游泳池（7 月和 8 月）的游泳者（成人和儿童）。结果表明，HAAs 在暴露后 20-30 分钟出现，并在 3 小时内消除。暴露 2 小时后，室内环境中气溶胶化的 HAAs 使工作人员尿液中含有约 300 和 120ng/L 水平的二氯乙酸（DCAA）和三氯乙酸（TCAA），而在室外游泳池的一些工作人员尿液中仅发现 DCAA，但水平约为 50ng/L，尽管室外游泳池的 HAAs 水平通常略高于室内游泳池。在 1 小时游泳后，室内游泳池中游泳者尿液中 TCAA、DCAA 和 MCAA 的浓度分别约为 4400、2300 和 560ng/L；由于意外摄入，室外游泳池中的游泳者也得到了类似的结果。最后，暴露估计表明，摄入是主要的暴露途径（约 94%），其次是吸入（约 5%）和皮肤接触（约 1%）。
