Sport and Exercise Science Research Center, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.
J Strength Cond Res. 2011 Sep;25(9):2418-23. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318201bf7a.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of postactivation potentiation (PAP) on swim start performance (time to 15 m) in a group of international sprint swimmers. Nine international sprint swimmers (7 men and 2 women) volunteered and gave informed consent for this study, which was approved by the university ethics committee. Initially, swimmers performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) on a portable force platform (FP) at baseline and at the following time points ∼15 seconds, 4, 8, 12, and 16 minutes after a PAP stimulus (1 set of 3 repetitions at 87% 1 repetition maximum [RM]) to individually determine the recovery time required to observe enhanced muscle performance. On 2 additional days, swimmers performed a swim start to 15 m under 50-m freestyle race conditions, which was preceded by either their individualized race specific warm-up or a PAP stimulus (1 set of 3 repetitions at 87% 1RM). Both trials were recorded on 2 cameras operating at 50 Hz with camera 1 located at the start and camera 2 at the 15-m mark. Peak vertical force (PVF) and peak horizontal force (PHF) were measured during all swim starts from a portable FP placed on top of the swim block. A repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a significant time effect with regard to power output (PO) (F = 20.963, p < 0.01) and jump height (JH) (F = 14.634, p < 0.01) with a paired comparison indicating a significant increase in PO and JH after 8 minutes of recovery from the PAP stimulus. There was a significant increase in both PHF and PVF after the PAP stimulus compared to the swim-specific warm-up during the swim start (PHF 770 ± 228 vs. 814 ± 263 N, p = 0.018; PVF: 1,462 ± 280 vs. 1,518 ± 311 N, p = 0.038); however, time to 15 m was the same when both starts were compared (7.1 ± 0.8 vs. 7.1 ± 0.8 seconds, p = 0.447). The results from this study indicate that muscle performance during a CMJ is enhanced after a PAP stimulus providing adequate recovery (∼8 minutes) is given between the 2 activities. In addition, this study demonstrated that swimmers performed equally well in terms of time to 15 m when a PAP stimulus was compared to their individualized race specific warm-up and indicates that PAP may be a useful addition to a warm-up protocol before races. However, more research is required to fully understand the role PAP plays in swim performance.
本研究旨在探讨在一组国际短跑游泳运动员中，后激活增强（PAP）对游泳出发性能（15 米用时）的影响。九名国际短跑游泳运动员（7 男 2 女）自愿参加并对此项研究表示知情同意，该研究已获得大学伦理委员会的批准。最初，游泳运动员在便携式力量平台（FP）上进行了反跳（CMJ），在基线和以下时间点分别进行了测试：15 秒、4 分钟、8 分钟、12 分钟和 16 分钟，以确定观察到增强肌肉性能所需的恢复时间。在另外两天，游泳运动员在 50 米自由泳比赛条件下进行了 15 米的游泳出发，在这之前，他们进行了个性化的比赛专项热身或 PAP 刺激（1 组 3 次，87%1 次最大重复[RM]）。两次试验均使用 50 Hz 操作的两台摄像机进行拍摄，摄像机 1 位于出发处，摄像机 2 位于 15 米标记处。从置于游泳跳板上的便携式 FP 上测量所有游泳出发的垂直峰值力（PVF）和水平峰值力（PHF）。重复测量方差分析显示，在功率输出（PO）（F=20.963，p<0.01）和跳跃高度（JH）（F=14.634，p<0.01）方面存在显著的时间效应，配对比较表明，在 PAP 刺激后 8 分钟的恢复时间后，PO 和 JH 显著增加。与专项热身相比，在游泳出发时，PHF 和 PVF 均显著增加（PHF：770±228 对 814±263 N，p=0.018；PVF：1462±280 对 1518±311 N，p=0.038）；然而，当比较两次出发时，15 米用时相同（7.1±0.8 对 7.1±0.8 秒，p=0.447）。本研究结果表明，在两次活动之间给予足够的恢复时间（约 8 分钟）后，PAP 刺激后 CMJ 的肌肉性能会增强。此外，本研究表明，与个性化的比赛专项热身相比，PAP 刺激在 15 米用时方面对游泳运动员的表现同样有效，这表明 PAP 可能是比赛前热身方案的有益补充。然而，要全面了解 PAP 在游泳表现中的作用，还需要进一步的研究。
