Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa L1H 7K4, ON, Canada.
Aquat Toxicol. 2011 Aug;104(3-4):299-307. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.04.015. Epub 2011 Apr 30.
This study evaluated the effects of Chilean pulp mill effluent extracts (untreated, primary and secondary treated pulp mill effluents), along with steroid standards (testosterone and 17β-estradiol) and a wood extractive standard (beta-sitosterol) on developing post-fertilized fish embryos. Our study included a cold freshwater species, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and two warm freshwater species American flagfish (Jordanella floridae) and Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Embryotoxicity results included delay in time to hatch and decreased hatchability but no significant egg and larvae mortality was observed in the pulp mill extract exposed embryos. By contrast, significant early hatching and increased hatchability were observed in beta-sitosterol exposed embryos, along with high mortality of testosterone exposed embryos across species. Teratogenic responses were observed in medaka embryos in all treatments. Abnormalities were detected starting at development stages 19-20 (2-4 somite stages) and included optical deformities (micro-opthalmia, 1 or 2 eyes) and lack of development of brains and hearts. Additionally, phenotypic sex identification of surviving offspring found female-biased sex-ratios in all treatments except testosterone across species. Overall, our study indicated that Chilean pulp and paper mill extractives caused embryotoxicity (post-fertilized embryos) across species and irrespective of the effluent treatment. The effects were mainly associated with delayed time to hatch, decreased hatchability, and species-specific teratogenesis.
本研究评估了智利纸浆厂废水提取物（未经处理、一级和二级处理的纸浆厂废水），以及甾体标准品（睾酮和 17β-雌二醇）和木本提取物标准品（β-谷甾醇）对受精卵鱼胚胎发育的影响。我们的研究包括冷水物种虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）和两种温水物种美洲旗鱼（Jordanella floridae）和日本青鳉（Oryzias latipes）。胚胎毒性结果包括孵化时间延迟和孵化率降低，但在暴露于纸浆厂提取物的胚胎中未观察到卵和幼虫死亡率显著增加。相比之下，β-谷甾醇暴露的胚胎表现出显著的早期孵化和孵化率增加，而睾酮暴露的胚胎在所有物种中都表现出高死亡率。畸形反应在所有处理的青鳉胚胎中都观察到。在 19-20 发育阶段（2-4 体节阶段）开始检测到异常，包括光学畸形（小眼症，1 或 2 只眼睛）和大脑和心脏发育不全。此外，对存活后代的表型性别鉴定发现，除了所有物种中的睾酮外，其他处理的雌性性别比例都偏向雌性。总体而言，我们的研究表明，智利制浆造纸厂的提取物在所有物种中引起了胚胎毒性（受精卵鱼），而与废水处理无关。这些影响主要与孵化时间延迟、孵化率降低和物种特异性的致畸作用有关。
