Reha Rheinfelden, Switzerland.
BMC Med. 2011 Jun 17;9:75. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-9-75.
The literature suggests a beneficial effect of motor imagery (MI) if combined with physical practice, but detailed descriptions of MI training session (MITS) elements and temporal parameters are lacking. The aim of this review was to identify the characteristics of a successful MITS and compare these for different disciplines, MI session types, task focus, age, gender and MI modification during intervention.
An extended systematic literature search using 24 databases was performed for five disciplines: Education, Medicine, Music, Psychology and Sports. References that described an MI intervention that focused on motor skills, performance or strength improvement were included. Information describing 17 MITS elements was extracted based on the PETTLEP (physical, environment, timing, task, learning, emotion, perspective) approach. Seven elements describing the MITS temporal parameters were calculated: study duration, intervention duration, MITS duration, total MITS count, MITS per week, MI trials per MITS and total MI training time.
Both independent reviewers found 96% congruity, which was tested on a random sample of 20% of all references. After selection, 133 studies reporting 141 MI interventions were included. The locations of the MITS and position of the participants during MI were task-specific. Participants received acoustic detailed MI instructions, which were mostly standardised and live. During MI practice, participants kept their eyes closed. MI training was performed from an internal perspective with a kinaesthetic mode. Changes in MI content, duration and dosage were reported in 31 MI interventions. Familiarisation sessions before the start of the MI intervention were mentioned in 17 reports. MI interventions focused with decreasing relevance on motor-, cognitive- and strength-focused tasks. Average study intervention lasted 34 days, with participants practicing MI on average three times per week for 17 minutes, with 34 MI trials. Average total MI time was 178 minutes including 13 MITS. Reporting rate varied between 25.5% and 95.5%.
MITS elements of successful interventions were individual, supervised and non-directed sessions, added after physical practice. Successful design characteristics were dominant in the Psychology literature, in interventions focusing on motor and strength-related tasks, in interventions with participants aged 20 to 29 years old, and in MI interventions including participants of both genders. Systematic searching of the MI literature was constrained by the lack of a defined MeSH term.
文献表明，如果将运动想象（MI）与身体练习相结合，会产生有益的效果，但缺乏对 MI 训练课程（MITS）要素和时间参数的详细描述。本综述的目的是确定成功的 MITS 的特征，并比较不同学科、MI 课程类型、任务重点、年龄、性别和干预过程中 MI 修正的特征。
使用 24 个数据库进行了扩展的系统文献检索，涉及五个学科：教育、医学、音乐、心理学和体育。纳入的参考文献描述了侧重于运动技能、表现或力量改善的 MI 干预。根据 PETTLEP（物理、环境、时间、任务、学习、情感、视角）方法提取了描述 17 个 MITS 要素的信息。计算了描述 MITS 时间参数的七个要素：研究持续时间、干预持续时间、MITS 持续时间、总 MITS 计数、每周 MITS 数、每次 MITS 的 MI 试验数和总 MI 训练时间。
两位独立审查员发现 96%的一致性，对所有参考文献的 20%进行了随机抽样测试。经过选择，纳入了 133 项报告 141 项 MI 干预的研究。MITS 的位置和参与者在 MI 期间的位置因任务而异。参与者接受了详细的声学 MI 指令，这些指令大多是标准化和现场的。在 MI 练习期间，参与者保持闭眼。MI 训练采用内部视角和动觉模式进行。31 项 MI 干预报告了 MI 内容、持续时间和剂量的变化。17 份报告提到了 MI 干预开始前的熟悉阶段。MI 干预逐渐从以运动、认知和力量为重点的任务转变为以认知为重点的任务。平均研究干预持续 34 天，参与者平均每周进行 3 次 MI 练习，每次 17 分钟，共进行 34 次 MI 试验。平均总 MI 时间为 178 分钟，包括 13 次 MITS。报告率在 25.5%至 95.5%之间变化。
成功干预的 MITS 要素是个体、监督和非指导的课程，在身体练习后增加。成功的设计特征在心理学文献中占主导地位，在以运动和力量相关任务为重点的干预中，在参与者年龄在 20 至 29 岁之间的干预中，以及在包括男女参与者的 MI 干预中，都有明显的体现。由于缺乏定义明确的 MeSH 术语，对 MI 文献的系统搜索受到限制。
