Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA.
J Exp Psychol Appl. 2011 Jun;17(2):71-96. doi: 10.1037/a0024170.
This study examined the relationship of operator personality (Five Factor Model) and characteristics of the task and of adaptive automation (reliability and adaptiveness-whether the automation was well-matched to changes in task demand) to operator performance, workload, stress, and coping. This represents the first investigation of how the Five Factors relate to human response to automation. One-hundred-sixty-one college students experienced either 75% or 95% reliable automation provided with task loads of either two or four displays to be monitored. The task required threat detection in a simulated uninhabited ground vehicle (UGV) task. Task demand exerted the strongest influence on outcome variables. Automation characteristics did not directly impact workload or stress, but effects did emerge in the context of trait-task interactions that varied as a function of the dimension of workload and stress. The pattern of relationships of traits to dependent variables was generally moderated by at least one task factor. Neuroticism was related to poorer performance in some conditions, and all five traits were associated with at least one measure of workload and stress. Neuroticism generally predicted increased workload and stress and the other traits predicted decreased levels of these states. However, in the case of the relation of Extraversion and Agreeableness to Worry, Frustration, and avoidant coping, the direction of effects varied across task conditions. The results support incorporation of individual differences into automation design by identifying the relevant person characteristics and using the information to determine what functions to automate and the form and level of automation.
本研究考察了操作人员个性（五因素模型）以及任务和自适应自动化的特点（可靠性和适应性——自动化是否与任务需求的变化匹配良好）与操作人员绩效、工作量、压力和应对方式的关系。这代表了对五因素如何与人类对自动化的反应相关联的首次调查。161 名大学生经历了可靠性为 75%或 95%的自动化，提供了两个或四个显示器的任务负载进行监控。任务要求在模拟无人地面车辆 (UGV) 任务中进行威胁检测。任务需求对结果变量的影响最大。自动化特性不会直接影响工作量或压力，但在特质-任务交互的背景下，这些影响会随着工作量和压力的维度而出现。特质与因变量之间关系的模式通常至少受到一个任务因素的调节。神经质与某些条件下的较差表现有关，所有五个特质都与至少一项工作量和压力测量指标有关。神经质通常预测工作量和压力的增加，而其他特质则预测这些状态的水平降低。然而，就外向性和宜人性与担忧、挫折和回避应对的关系而言，效应的方向在任务条件之间有所不同。研究结果支持将个体差异纳入自动化设计，通过确定相关的人员特征，并利用这些信息来确定要自动化的功能以及自动化的形式和水平。
