Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
J Clin Microbiol. 2011 Sep;49(9):3234-44. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00305-11. Epub 2011 Jul 13.
Norovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. A norovirus outbreak occurred in Ohio in January 2010. Stool and saliva samples were obtained from six infected individuals. The full-length genomes of two representative strains (HS206 and HS210) were characterized. They belonged to GII.12 in the capsid but GII.g in the RNA polymerase region. Interestingly, an immunocompetent 2-year-old male shed virus for up to 30 days, as detected by real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) typing of saliva showed that the norovirus strains infected various types of secretor-positive individuals (types A, B, and O). The viruslike particles of strain HS206 did not bind substantially to A/B/O antigens by synthetic HBGA binding, hemagglutination, or saliva binding assays. These results suggest that infection by this strain may not be A/B/O antigen dependent or that in vitro binding patterns do not always accurately reflect in vivo HBGA usage. This is different from the HBGA binding pattern of the previously reported GII.12/Aichi76 strain. Structural analysis of the predicted capsid of these GII.12 strains revealed two amino acid mismatches located near the HBGA binding sites. Four gnotobiotic pigs were inoculated orally with HS206 (6 × 10(10) genomic equivalents [GE]/pig). Virus shedding began at postinoculation days (PID) 1 to 3 and continued up to PID 16 (1 × 10(5) to 2 × 10(7) GE/ml). Gastroenteritis cases caused by GII.12 noroviruses have been recently reported worldwide. We observed that this emerging GII.12 norovirus infected humans regardless of A/B/O blood type. The infection of pigs by strain HS206 suggests that interspecies transmission of this strain is possible under experimental conditions.
诺如病毒是人类急性肠胃炎的主要病因之一。2010 年 1 月，俄亥俄州爆发了一起诺如病毒疫情。从 6 名感染者中采集了粪便和唾液样本。对两个有代表性的毒株（HS206 和 HS210）的全长基因组进行了特征描述。它们在衣壳方面属于 GII.12，但在 RNA 聚合酶区域属于 GII.g。有趣的是，一名免疫功能正常的 2 岁男童通过实时逆转录（RT）-PCR 检测可在长达 30 天内排出病毒。唾液的组织血型抗原（HBGA）分型显示，诺如病毒株感染了各种类型的分泌型阳性个体（A、B 和 O 型）。HS206 株的病毒样颗粒通过合成 HBGA 结合、血凝或唾液结合试验与 A/B/O 抗原结合不明显。这些结果表明，该毒株的感染可能不依赖于 A/B/O 抗原，或者体外结合模式并不总是准确反映体内 HBGA 的使用情况。这与之前报道的 GII.12/Aichi76 株的 HBGA 结合模式不同。对这些 GII.12 株的预测衣壳结构分析显示，在 HBGA 结合位点附近存在两个氨基酸错配。4 头无菌猪经口接种 HS206（6×10(10)基因组等效物[GE]/猪）。病毒脱落始于接种后第 1 至 3 天，持续至接种后第 16 天（1×10(5)至 2×10(7)GE/ml）。最近在全球范围内报道了由 GII.12 诺如病毒引起的胃肠炎病例。我们观察到，这种新出现的 GII.12 诺如病毒感染人类与 A/B/O 血型无关。HS206 株对猪的感染表明，在实验条件下，该毒株可能发生种间传播。
