Animal Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, People's Republic of China.
J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2011 Dec;6(4):477-89. doi: 10.1007/s11481-011-9296-1. Epub 2011 Jul 14.
Since human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) share the same modes of transmission and common risk factors for infection, co-infections with HIV and HCV are frequently found in injection drug users (IDUs). IDUs represent one of the largest reservoirs of HIV as well as HCV in the United States. These two pathogens are also likely to be responsible for the highest infectious disease morbidity and mortality rates among IDUs. IDUs frequently involve the abuse of heroin, the most common abused opiate. Opiates have been suggested to have a cofactor role in the immunopathogenesis of HIV disease, as they have the potential to compromise host immune responses and enhances microbial infections. Although in vitro studies have yielded relatively agreeable data that morphine, the active metabolite of heroin, exacerbate HIV infection/replication, epidemiologic studies as well as in vivo non-human primate investigations on the impact of opiate abuse on HIV disease progression have yielded the conflicting data. Given immunomodulation and immunocompromising effect as well as demonstrated impact to enhance HIV replication in vitro, it is reasonable to believe that opiate abuse is a facilitator in HIV and/or HCV disease progression. However, much remain to be learned about the mechanisms of opiate-mediated broad influence on host immunity and viral expression. Thus, more extensive studies are needed in order to determine the effects of different conditions of opiate abuse and to define the understanding of the role of opiate in modulating HIV and/or HCV disease progression.
由于人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV) 和丙型肝炎病毒 (HCV) 具有相同的传播途径和共同的感染危险因素，因此在注射吸毒者 (IDU) 中经常同时感染 HIV 和 HCV。IDU 在美国是 HIV 和 HCV 的最大储存库之一。这两种病原体也可能是 IDU 中传染病发病率和死亡率最高的原因。IDU 经常滥用海洛因，这是最常见的滥用阿片类药物。阿片类药物被认为在 HIV 疾病的免疫发病机制中具有辅助作用，因为它们有可能损害宿主免疫反应并增强微生物感染。尽管体外研究得出了相对一致的数据，表明海洛因的活性代谢物吗啡会加重 HIV 感染/复制，但流行病学研究以及对滥用阿片类药物对 HIV 疾病进展影响的非人类灵长类动物体内研究得出了相互矛盾的数据。鉴于免疫调节和免疫抑制作用，以及体外证明对增强 HIV 复制的影响，有理由相信阿片类药物滥用是 HIV 和/或 HCV 疾病进展的促进因素。然而，阿片类药物对宿主免疫和病毒表达的广泛影响的机制仍有许多需要了解。因此，需要进行更广泛的研究，以确定不同条件下滥用阿片类药物的影响，并确定阿片类药物在调节 HIV 和/或 HCV 疾病进展中的作用。
