McCaffery M
Int J Nurs Stud. 1990;27(1):1-5. doi: 10.1016/0020-7489(90)90018-e.
A combination of pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods of pain control probably yield the most effective pain relief for the patient. The nurse may make a significant contribution to pain control by being able to offer a variety of nonpharmacological methods of pain relief that the patient may use in combination with the more traditional methods of analgesia or local anesthesia. Recent research supports some of the older methods of nonpharmacological pain control such as distraction, especially humor; relaxation using the patient's own memory of peaceful events; and cutaneous stimulation, especially use of cold. Cutaneous stimulation may even be effectively used at sites other than the site of pain. Specific examples of these techniques are presented.
药理学和非药理学疼痛控制方法相结合可能会为患者带来最有效的疼痛缓解。护士若能提供多种非药理学疼痛缓解方法，让患者与更传统的镇痛或局部麻醉方法联合使用，就能对疼痛控制做出重大贡献。最近的研究支持了一些较古老的非药理学疼痛控制方法，如分散注意力，尤其是幽默；利用患者对平静事件的自身记忆进行放松；以及皮肤刺激，尤其是冷敷。皮肤刺激甚至可在疼痛部位以外的其他部位有效使用。文中给出了这些技术的具体示例。
