Schmitz-Feuerhake Inge, Pflugbeil Sebastian
German Society of Radiation Protection, Berlin, Germany.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2011 Sep;147(1-2):310-3. doi: 10.1093/rpd/ncr348. Epub 2011 Aug 10.
Breast and prostatic cancer as well as leukaemia in childhood have remarkably increased over some decades in the Federal Republic of Germany as well as in several other highly developed industrial nations. Such increase was much less or not observable in East Germany between 1960 and 1989 where diagnostic exposures were applied to a lesser extent. Low-level radiation can cause these diseases and the difference of cancer rates gives rise to renewed evaluation of current risk estimates. Risk factors for radiation-induced childhood leukaemia and breast cancer are derived from the literature, considering a higher relative biological effectiveness of diagnostic X rays in comparison to the A-bomb gamma rays in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The prostate is not considered as radiation sensitive by the ICRP. But following a variety of low-level findings in the last two decades it was shown by Myles et al. in the UK that prostatic cancer is inducible by diagnostic X-ray procedures. From their study in men below the age of 60, a doubling dose of about 20 mSv can be estimated. Medical exposures of the considered tissues are taken from published data for East and West Germany. The difference in breast cancer mortality can be explained by diagnostic exposures. The contribution of these to prostatic cancer and childhood leukaemia must be regarded as relevant in current incidences. Reduction of diagnostic exposures would be an important measure for preventing several prominent cancer diseases.
在过去几十年里，德意志联邦共和国以及其他几个高度发达的工业国家中，乳腺癌、前列腺癌以及儿童白血病的发病率显著上升。1960年至1989年期间，东德的此类增长幅度要小得多，或者并未观察到增长，当时东德的诊断性照射应用程度较低。低水平辐射会引发这些疾病，癌症发病率的差异促使人们重新评估当前的风险估计。考虑到与广岛和长崎原子弹γ射线相比，诊断性X射线具有更高的相对生物效应，辐射诱发儿童白血病和乳腺癌的风险因素来自相关文献。国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）认为前列腺对辐射不敏感。但在过去二十年出现各种低水平辐射相关研究结果后，英国的迈尔斯等人发现，诊断性X射线检查可诱发前列腺癌。从他们对60岁以下男性的研究中，可以估计出约20毫希沃特的加倍剂量。所考虑组织的医疗照射数据取自东德和西德已发表的数据。乳腺癌死亡率的差异可以用诊断性照射来解释。在当前发病率中，这些照射对前列腺癌和儿童白血病的影响必须被视为具有相关性。减少诊断性照射将是预防几种主要癌症疾病的一项重要措施。
