Environmental and Health Research Laboratory (LERES), French School of Public Health (EHESP), Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 34043 Rennes, France.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011 Dec;215(1):76-85. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.07.009. Epub 2011 Sep 8.
Water and air quality of fifteen swimming pools using chlorine disinfection was measured during eight sampling campaigns in Rennes, France. Concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs) and trichloramine (NCl(3)) in air as well as concentrations of parameters, including total organic carbon (TOC), chlorine (free, combined and total), pH, Kjeldhal nitrogen (KN), chloride ions and THMs in water and air temperature, were measured. Water and air samples were collected during 3h in the morning and afternoon, during high and low attendance days, in summer and winter. Data analysis was perfomed by multivariate ordinary least square (OLS) and quantile (QR) regressions, from both data quality and other parameters such as the ratio between the number of visitors and the volume of water available V/W, the proportion of air re-circulated and the number of swimmers during sampling. The geometric means (GM±95% CIs) of the sum of THMs (TTHM) and NCl(3) in air were 74.9±6.7 μg/m(3) and 190±10 μg/m(3), respectively. As expected, concentrations of TTHM in air were correlated to concentrations of TTHM in water. Concentrations of TTHM and NCl(3) in air measured in winter were significantly higher than in summer, depicting that low air exchange rate in winter lead to accumulation of pollutants. NCl(3) (especially at higher quantiles) and TTHM concentrations in air were associated to the number of swimmers. NCl(3) was also linked to air temperature and pH. Moreover TTHM and NCl(3) in air seemed to be affected by additional determinants including the volume of hall and the ratio V/W. In a process of reducing exposure, the OLS regression provides useful information on key parameters influencing concentrations of THMs and NCl(3) in indoor swimming pools. In addition, QR allows identifying factors associated to elevated levels of contamination.
对法国雷恩市 15 个采用氯消毒的游泳池的水质和空气质量进行了 8 次采样调查。检测了空气中三卤甲烷（THMs）和三氯胺（NCl(3)）的浓度，以及水中总有机碳（TOC）、氯（游离、结合和总）、pH 值、凯氏氮（KN）、氯离子和 THMs 的浓度，同时还测量了水温和空气温度。采样时间为早上和下午，高客流量和低客流量日，夏季和冬季，每次持续 3 小时。采用多元普通最小二乘法（OLS）和分位数（QR）回归对数据进行分析，同时考虑了数据质量以及其他参数，如访客人数与可用水量之比（V/W）、空气再循环比例和采样期间的游泳人数。空气中的 TTHM 和 NCl(3)的总和（TTHM）和 NCl(3)的几何平均值（GM±95% CIs）分别为 74.9±6.7 μg/m(3)和 190±10 μg/m(3)。正如预期的那样，空气中 TTHM 的浓度与水中 TTHM 的浓度相关。冬季空气中 TTHM 和 NCl(3)的浓度明显高于夏季，这表明冬季空气交换率低导致污染物积累。空气中的 NCl(3)（特别是在较高的分位数上）和 TTHM 浓度与游泳者人数有关。NCl(3)还与空气温度和 pH 值有关。此外，空气中的 TTHM 和 NCl(3)似乎还受到其他因素的影响，包括大厅的体积和 V/W 比。在减少暴露的过程中，OLS 回归提供了有关影响室内游泳池中 THMs 和 NCl(3)浓度的关键参数的有用信息。此外，QR 还可以识别与污染水平升高相关的因素。
