James K
Central DuPage Hospital, Winfield, Illinois 60190.
Clin Microbiol Rev. 1990 Apr;3(2):132-52. doi: 10.1128/CMR.3.2.132.
The immune response to microorganisms not only participates in the elimination of unwanted organisms from the body, but also assists in diagnosis of infectious diseases. The nonspecific immune response is the first line of defense, assisting the body until the specific immune response can be mobilized to provide protective mechanisms. The specific immune response involves humoral or cell-mediated immunity or both, dependent on the nature of the organism and its site of sequestration. A variety of test systems have been developed to identify the causative organisms of infectious diseases. Test systems used in immunoserology have classically included methods of detecting antigen-antibody reactions which range from complement fixation to immunoassay methods. Relevant test systems for detecting antigens and antibodies are described. With numerous test systems available to detect antigens and antibodies, there can be confusion regarding selection of the appropriate system for each application. Methods for detecting antibody to verify immunity differ from immunologic methods to diagnose disease. Techniques to detect soluble antigens present in active infectious states may appear similar to those used to detect antibody, but their differences should be appreciated.
机体对微生物的免疫反应不仅参与清除体内不需要的生物体，还有助于传染病的诊断。非特异性免疫反应是第一道防线，在特异性免疫反应能够被调动起来提供保护机制之前，协助机体抵御病原体。特异性免疫反应涉及体液免疫或细胞介导的免疫，或两者兼而有之，这取决于生物体的性质及其隐匿部位。现已开发出多种检测系统来识别传染病的病原体。免疫血清学中使用的检测系统传统上包括检测抗原 - 抗体反应的方法，范围从补体结合试验到免疫测定方法。本文描述了用于检测抗原和抗体的相关检测系统。由于有众多检测系统可用于检测抗原和抗体，因此对于为每种应用选择合适的系统可能会感到困惑。用于验证免疫的抗体检测方法与用于诊断疾病的免疫学方法不同。检测处于活跃感染状态的可溶性抗原的技术可能看起来与用于检测抗体的技术相似，但应了解它们之间的差异。
