State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
Environ Manage. 2011 Dec;48(6):1079-85. doi: 10.1007/s00267-011-9742-0. Epub 2011 Sep 1.
Forests are a major terrestrial ecosystem providing multiple ecosystem services. However, the importance of forests is frequently underestimated from an economic perspective because of the externalities and public good properties of these services. Forest eco-compensation is a transfer mechanism that serves to internalize the externalities of forest ecosystem services by compensating individuals or companies for the losses or costs resulting from the provision of these services. China's current forest eco-compensation system is centered mainly on noncommercial forest. The primary measures associated with ecosystem services are (1) a charge on destructive activities, such as indiscriminate logging, and (2) compensation for individual or local activities and investments in forest conservation. The Compensation Fund System for Forest Ecological Benefits was first listed in the Forest Law of the People's Republic of China in 1998. In 2004, the Central Government Financial Compensation Fund, an important source for the Compensation Fund for Forest Ecological Benefits, was formally established. To improve the forest eco-compensation system, it is crucial to design and establish compensation criteria for noncommercial forests. These criteria should take both theoretical and practical concerns into account, and they should be based on the quantitative valuation of ecosystem services. Although some initial headway has been made on this task, the implementation of an effective forest eco-compensation system in China still has deficiencies and still faces problems. Implementing classification-based and dynamic management for key noncommercial forests and establishing an eco-compensation mechanism with multiple funding sources in the market economy are the key measures needed to conquer these problems and improve the forest eco-compensation system and China's forestry development in sequence.
森林是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分，提供多种生态系统服务。然而，由于这些服务的外部性和公共物品属性，从经济角度来看，森林的重要性经常被低估。森林生态补偿是一种转移机制，通过补偿个人或公司因提供这些服务而导致的损失或成本，将森林生态系统服务的外部性内部化。中国现行的森林生态补偿制度主要以非商业林为中心。与生态系统服务相关的主要措施包括：（1）对破坏性活动（如乱砍滥伐）征收费用，以及（2）对个人或地方的森林保护活动和投资进行补偿。森林生态效益补偿基金制度于 1998 年首次列入《中华人民共和国森林法》。2004 年，中央财政森林生态效益补偿基金正式设立，这是森林生态效益补偿基金的重要来源。为了完善森林生态补偿制度，必须设计和制定非商业林的补偿标准。这些标准应考虑到理论和实际问题，应基于生态系统服务的定量评估。虽然在这一任务上取得了一些初步进展，但中国有效的森林生态补偿制度的实施仍存在缺陷，仍然面临问题。对重点非商业林实行分类和动态管理，建立市场经济条件下的多资金来源生态补偿机制，是克服这些问题、完善森林生态补偿制度和中国林业发展的关键措施。
