Khaled E G, Saleh M, Hindocha S, Griffin M, Khan Wasim S
Department of Plastic Surgery, Ain Shams University, Plastic Surgery department, Ramsis Street, Abbassia Square, Cairo, Postcode 11566, Egypt.
Open Orthop J. 2011;5 Suppl 2:289-95. doi: 10.2174/1874325001105010289. Epub 2011 Jul 28.
A bone graft has been the gold standard treatment for repairing bone defects. However, due to bone grafts associated donor site morbidity several alternative bone substitutes options have been made available but with their added expense and limited osteoinductive properties they are not ideal. Therefore, research has begun in tissue engineering to investigate stem cells, which are one of the body's own mechanisms used to repair bone. Stem cells are clonogenic undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal. Readily available from numerous of sources stem cells have the potential to differentiate in osteoblasts and chrondrocytes showing capability to repair both bone and cartilage. The known immunologic properties of stem cells further enhance their therapeutic appeal. Stem cells have shown to be excellent carriers for gene transfer having the capability to be transduced. Gene transfer could enable growth factors and bone morphogentic proteins to enhance bone repair. Stem cells are implanted onto scaffolds, which are structures capable of supporting tissue formation by allowing cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. Research aims to produce scaffolds that deliver and retain cells, allow for cell attachment has adequate biodegradability, biocompatibility and non-immunogenicity. However, having tried and testing numerous materials including synthetic and natural products research into the perfect scaffold product continues. This review aims to explain how stem cells were discovered, the techniques used to isolate stem cells, identify and manipulate them down different cell lineages and discuss the research into using stem cells to reconstruct bone using genetic modification and scaffolds.
骨移植一直是修复骨缺损的金标准治疗方法。然而，由于骨移植相关的供区并发症，已经出现了几种替代骨替代物的选择，但由于其额外的费用和有限的骨诱导特性，它们并不理想。因此，组织工程领域已经开始研究干细胞，干细胞是人体自身用于修复骨骼的机制之一。干细胞是具有克隆能力的未分化细胞，能够自我更新。干细胞可以从众多来源轻易获得，具有分化为成骨细胞和软骨细胞的潜力，显示出修复骨骼和软骨的能力。干细胞已知的免疫特性进一步增强了它们的治疗吸引力。干细胞已被证明是基因转移的优秀载体，具有被转导的能力。基因转移可以使生长因子和骨形态发生蛋白增强骨修复。干细胞被植入到支架上，支架是一种能够通过允许细胞迁移、增殖和分化来支持组织形成的结构。研究旨在生产能够递送和保留细胞、允许细胞附着、具有足够的生物降解性、生物相容性和非免疫原性的支架。然而，在尝试和测试了包括合成和天然产品在内的众多材料后，对完美支架产品的研究仍在继续。这篇综述旨在解释干细胞是如何被发现的，用于分离干细胞、识别和操纵它们分化为不同细胞谱系的技术，并讨论利用基因改造和支架使用干细胞重建骨骼的研究。
