Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
Dev Psychol. 2012 Jan;48(1):1-9. doi: 10.1037/a0025263. Epub 2011 Sep 5.
Early evidence of social referencing was examined in 5½-month-old infants. Infants were habituated to 2 films of moving toys, one toy eliciting a woman's positive emotional expression and the other eliciting a negative expression under conditions of bimodal (audiovisual) or unimodal visual (silent) speech. It was predicted that intersensory redundancy provided by audiovisual (but not available in unimodal visual) events would enhance detection of the relation between emotional expressions and the corresponding toy. Consistent with predictions, only infants who received bimodal, audiovisual events detected a change in the affect-object relations, showing increased looking during a switch test in which the toy-affect pairing was reversed. Moreover, in a subsequent live preference test, they preferentially touched the 3-dimensional toy previously paired with the positive expression. These findings suggest social referencing emerges by 5½ months in the context of intersensory redundancy provided by dynamic multimodal stimulation and that even 5½-month-old infants demonstrate preferences for 3-dimensional objects on the basis of affective information depicted in videotaped events.
早期的社会参照证据在 5 个半月大的婴儿中进行了检验。婴儿习惯了两部玩具移动的电影，一部玩具引起了女性的积极情绪表达，另一部在双模态（视听）或单模态视觉（无声）语音条件下引起了负面表情。预测视听（但在单模态视觉中不可用）事件提供的感觉冗余会增强对情感表达和相应玩具之间关系的检测。与预测一致，只有接受双模态视听事件的婴儿才能检测到情感-对象关系的变化，在玩具-情感配对反转的切换测试中，他们的注视时间增加。此外，在随后的现场偏好测试中，他们更喜欢触摸以前与积极表情配对的三维玩具。这些发现表明，在动态多模式刺激提供的感觉冗余的背景下，社会参照在 5 个半月大时就出现了，甚至 5 个半月大的婴儿也会根据视频事件中描述的情感信息对三维物体产生偏好。
