Flom Ross, Bahrick Lorraine E
Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
Dev Psychol. 2007 Jan;43(1):238-52. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.1.238.
This research examined the developmental course of infants' ability to perceive affect in bimodal (audiovisual) and unimodal (auditory and visual) displays of a woman speaking. According to the intersensory redundancy hypothesis (L. E. Bahrick, R. Lickliter, & R. Flom, 2004), detection of amodal properties is facilitated in multimodal stimulation and attenuated in unimodal stimulation. Later in development, however, attention becomes more flexible, and amodal properties can be perceived in both multimodal and unimodal stimulation. The authors tested these predictions by assessing 3-, 4-, 5-, and 7-month-olds' discrimination of affect. Results demonstrated that in bimodal stimulation, discrimination of affect emerged by 4 months and remained stable across age. However, in unimodal stimulation, detection of affect emerged gradually, with sensitivity to auditory stimulation emerging at 5 months and visual stimulation at 7 months. Further temporal synchrony between faces and voices was necessary for younger infants' discrimination of affect. Across development, infants first perceive affect in multimodal stimulation through detecting amodal properties, and later their perception of affect is extended to unimodal auditory and visual stimulation. Implications for social development, including joint attention and social referencing, are considered.
本研究考察了婴儿在女性说话的双峰（视听）和单峰（听觉和视觉）展示中感知情感能力的发展过程。根据感官间冗余假说（L.E. 巴赫里克、R. 利克利特和R. 弗洛姆，2004年），在多峰刺激中对非模态属性的检测会得到促进，而在单峰刺激中则会减弱。然而，在发育后期，注意力变得更加灵活，在多峰和单峰刺激中都能感知到非模态属性。作者通过评估3个月、4个月、5个月和7个月大婴儿对情感的辨别能力来检验这些预测。结果表明，在双峰刺激中，情感辨别在4个月时出现，并在各年龄段保持稳定。然而，在单峰刺激中，情感检测是逐渐出现的，对听觉刺激的敏感性在5个月时出现，对视觉刺激的敏感性在7个月时出现。对于较小的婴儿来说，面部和声音之间进一步的时间同步对于情感辨别是必要的。在整个发育过程中，婴儿首先通过检测非模态属性在多峰刺激中感知情感，随后他们对情感的感知扩展到单峰听觉和视觉刺激。文中还考虑了其对社会发展的影响，包括共同注意和社会参照。
